Explicit solution of a free boundary problem for a nonlinear absorption model of mixed saturated-unsaturated flow

In wet soils, zones of saturation naturally develop in the vicinity of impermeable strata, surface ponds and subterranean cavities. Hydrology must be then concerned with transient flow through coexisting unsaturated and saturated zones. The models of advancing saturated zones necessarily involve a nonlinear free boundary problem.A closed-form analytic solution is presented for a nonlinear diffusion model under conditions of ponding at the surface. The soil water diffusivity is restricted to the special functional form D(θ) = a/(b − θ)², where θ is the water content field to be determined and a, b are positive constants. The explicit solution depends on a parameter C (determined by the data of the problem), according to two cases: 1 < C < C₁ or C ≥ C₁, where C₁ is a constant which is obtained as the unique solution of an equation. This result complements the study given in P. Broadbridge, Water Resources Research, 1990, 26, 2435–2443, in order to established when the explicit solution is available. The behavior of the bifurcation parameter C₁ as a function of the driving potential is studied with the corresponding limits for small and large values. Moreover, the sorptivity is proven to be continuously differentiable function of the variable C.     

Precipitation water storage capacity in a temperate mixed oak–beech canopy

The storage capacity of a temperate mixed oak–beech stand was investigated as a function of stand density and species composition. Measurements were performed in selected zones delimited by three neighbouring trees. Three independent approaches were compared: (i) a spraying laboratory experiment to estimate the water storage on foliage before and after dripping; (ii) a mechanistic model describing rainfall partitioning within the forest canopy and providing estimates of foliage storage capacities; and (iii) linear regression analyses to evaluate the canopy (foliage + branches) storage capacity using the relationship between throughfall and rainfall. Good agreement was generally observed between the laboratory experiment and the mechanistic model estimates, while estimations from the regression method tended to exceed those from the other approaches. Storage capacity estimates ranged from 0·22 mm to 0·80 mm for pure oak zones, from 0·24 mm to 1·12 mm for mixed zones and from 0·53 mm to 1·17 mm for pure beech zones. The increase of storage capacity with increasing proportion of beech in the canopy resulted from higher beech LAI compared with oak. Similarly, for mixed and pure beech canopies, storage capacity was higher for high density zones than for low density zones as a result of the increase in LAI with increasing local basal area; in contrast, for pure oak, the storage capacity was not related to basal area because of the lower shade‐tolerance of this species compared with beech. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

室外大池马氏珠母贝育苗试验

本试验利用一个室外露天水容量为187立方米的水泥池进行马氏珠母贝人工育苗,一次育出贝苗5065万只,平均每立方米水体收贝苗27.08万只。室外大池育苗具有耗饵量少,节约人力,培育的幼虫和贝苗生长快和产苗量大等优点,能够迅速提高贝苗总产量,解决目前存在的贝苗(?)足的困难,值得提倡推广。     

基于FastICA算法和MODIS数据的水稻面积提取

以苏、皖、赣三省为研究区域,采用FastICA算法从MODIS数据中提取2010年水稻种植面积,并验证该算法在混合像元分解中的有效性。在对2010年46景8 d合成地表反射率产品数据进行预处理的基础上,结合MODIS土地利用产品和平滑滤波算法,构建耕地类型像元的I_LSW和I_NDV时相变化曲线。依据I_LSW和I_NDV曲线在水稻移栽期前后的变化规律,并根据由各地区水稻I_NDV时相曲线计算得到水稻相似性指数,从MODIS影像中提取水稻像元。采用FastICA算法对潜在水稻像元水稻生长期内的I_NDV时相曲线进行分解,计算每个像元的水稻丰度,绘制水稻丰度图,获取研究区各省水稻分布和种植面积。利用统计年鉴数据和样方资料对FastICA算法提取的水稻面积进行了验证。结果显示:采用水稻相似性曲线有利于提高稻田识别效率,所获取的水稻分布与实际情况吻合;FastICA算法能够分解不同地区水稻I_NDV时相曲线;与统计资料比较,江苏、安徽、江西三省水稻面积的提取精度分别为86.4%、87.9%、51.5%。江西水稻面积提取误差主要出现在地形起伏较大的山区。     

一种改进的数值预报降水偏差订正方法及应用

对传统的消除偏差法进行改进,形成分等级消除偏差法,并使用混合训练期和60 d滑动训练期方案分别对2012年6—8月ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting) 模式夏季1~5 d的降水预报进行订正试验。为了尽可能符合中国东部夏季降水具有移动性及多种时间尺度变化的特点,混合训练期以预报期前30 d与预报期前一年同日的前后各15 d组成。结果表明:在使用分等级消除偏差法的基础上,相比ECMWF模式降水预报,两种训练期方案的订正结果几乎对各个阈值的ETS评分均有一定提高,特别是对25 mm以上降水预报评分的提高幅度,混合训练期方案的订正结果明显高于60 d滑动训练期方案;在区域性强降水预报的订正中,混合训练期方案优势更为明显。另外,通过分析两种训练期方案的预报偏差发现,分等级订正是此次消除偏差订正试验中提高强降水预报评分的关键,选择合适的训练期可以增加评分提高的幅度。由于上述试验使用的ECMWF模式预报和站点实况均是业务上常用数据,因此,该方法具有一定的业务应用价值。     

The improvement of the one-dimensional Mellor-Yamada and K-profile parameterization turbulence schemes with the non-breaking surface wave-induced verticalmixing

Both the level 2.5 Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure scheme(MY) and K-profile parameterization(KPP) are popularly used by the ocean modeling community.The MY and the KPP are improved through including the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing(Bv),and the improved schemes were tested by using continuous data at the Papa ocean weather station(OWS) during 1961–1965.The numerical results showed that the Bv can make the temperature simulations fit much better with the continuous data from Papa Station.The two improved schemes overcame the shortcomings of predicting too shallow upper mixed layer depth and consequently overheated sea surface temperature during summertime,which are in fact common problems for all turbulence closure models.Statistical analysis showed that the Bv effectively reduced the mean absolute error and root mean square error of the upper layer temperature and increased the correlation coefficient between simulation and the observation.Furthermore,the performance of vertical mixing induced by shear instability and the Bv is also compared.Both the temperature structure and its seasonal cycle significantly improved by including the Bv,regardless of whether shear instability was included or not,especially for the KPP mixing scheme,which suggested that Bv played a dominant role in the upper ocean where the mean current was relatively weak,such as at Papa Station.These results may provide a clue to improve ocean circulation models.     

塔里木盆地英买力地区原油地球化学特征与族群划分

塔里木盆地英买力地区油气成因复杂,采用多馏分、多组分化学成分分析及单体烃碳同位素分析途径,对该区海相、陆相油进行精细分析。结果表明,英买力油田主要有两大类油组,分别是南部YM2井区的海相油(I类)和北部YM7井区的陆相油(Ⅱ类),各自具有典型的海相油与陆相油的特征。进一步分析表明,两大油组内部仍有分异。将第二油组进一步分为两亚类,以中、古生界产层为主的正常黑油和重质油为一类(Ⅱa),以古近系为主的凝析油为另一类(Ⅱb)。两亚类原油正构烷烃单体烃同位素稍有差异,芳烃组成与分布具有显著差异。较之于Ⅱa原油,Ⅱb原油富含联苯系列与氧芴系列、不同类型芳烃系列中以低分子量同系物占绝对优势,其正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素更重,与相邻的羊塔克地区原油表现出一定的相似性,表明两者之间有一定的成因联系,前者可能为混源油,由位于库车坳陷中拜城凹陷提供两种陆相烃源岩。英买力地区陆相油并非以往确认的一种成因类型,可能至少由两套性质迥异的中生界烃源岩供烃。英买力地区第一类海相油(I类)尽管生物标志物特征相近,但分析原油的单体烃碳同位素具有显著差异,同样存在油气混源的可能。英买力地区海、陆相原油特征与成因的深入剖析,对于该区精细油源确认、油气成藏机制乃至油气资源评价具有重要意义。     

浅成火山岩中石英斑晶的分离方法研究

在总结大量矿物分选的实践基础上,系统研究了用混合重液法分离石英斑晶的理论和操作方法及用折光率法间接测量混合重液的技术。发现了用折光率值为1.577～1.579的系列混合重液分离石英斑晶效果最好,分离纯度达到95%～98%,解决了从浅成火山岩中分选单晶石英的难题,极大地提高了石英的分离效率、纯度和回收率,从过去石英的富集率20%提高到95%～98%,从人工挑选的几克增至几百克,可从挑选的40～80目扩大到120目。     

Spatiotemporal variation and mechanisms of temperature inversion in the Bay of Bengal and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean

In the northern Bay of Bengal, the existence of intense temperature inversion during winter is a widely accepted phenomenon. However, occurrences of temperature inversion during other seasons and the spatial distribution within and adjacent to the Bay of Bengal are not well understood. In this study, a higher resolution spatiotemporal variation of temperature inversion and its mechanisms are examined with mixed layer heat and salt budget analysis utilizing long-term Argo（2004 to 2020） and RAMA（2...     

太湖水体势能异常及水体层化的特征及其机制

大型浅水湖泊的水体势能异常和层化对水生生态环境演变、局地天气及气候系统有着重要的影响。基于2009年8月11—22日和3月17—28日的气象数据及水温廓线,探讨了太湖水体势能异常和表层混合层深度的变化规律及其机制。结果表明:太湖水体势能异常呈现明显的日变化特征,晚间水体势能异常消失,而白天逐步凸现出来;水—气之间的热量交换是影响水体势能异常和水体层化程度的关键性因子;夏季水体势能异常和层化程度远强于春季,其主要原因是夏季风场引起的混合作用比春季弱,而夏季水—气热量交换对水体势能异常的增强作用比春季强;水体势能异常程度与表层混合层深度存在显著的指数关系。