A Review of Radar- and Satellite-based Observational Studies and Nowcasting Techniques on Convection Initiation

Convection often produces severe weather which causes a great loss to human lives and properties. Precisely predicting the convection initiation process is crucial but challenging in operational convection nowcasting (0~2 h forecasting). Before the radar-defined CI occurring (e.g., the first occurrence of ≥35 dBZ echoes), observations at high spatial and temporal resolutions from weather radars and geostationary meteorological satellites can reveal precursor information such as the boundary-layer convergence lines and the rapid growth of newborn cumulus clouds. These radar- and satellite-observed precursor information are helpful for evaluating the pre-CI conditions and thus nowcasting the accurate CI timing and location. This paper reviewed the current status of radar- and satellite-based CI research and nowcasting techniques. The milestone works and the following studies in the last four decades were summarized to demonstrate how radar and satellite observations can be related to CI occurrence. The objectives and approaches of the CI research advance as the improvement in the capability of radars and were explained satellites. The research progress aids in the development of various CI nowcasting techniques. This paper introduced three well-established techniques that have been put into operational application, namely, ANC system, SATCAST algorithm, and UWCI algorithm. Some scientific issues with respect to radar- and satellite-based CI research and nowcasting were also presented.     

基于信息量法的地质灾害气象风险预警模型:以甘肃省陇南地区为例

地质灾害气象风险预警是目前地质灾害防治研究领域的难点和热点。陇南地区是中国地质灾害造成人员财产损失和受灾害威胁最严重的区域之一,为精细化和准确化预报陇南地区地质灾害风险,在ArcGIS平台将研究区划分为250 m×250 m的栅格单元,使用信息量法选取9个影响因素进行地质环境敏感性评价,结合有效降雨量构建地质灾害气象风险预警模型;该模型通过6次历史降雨事件引发的156起地质灾害验证,预报准确率为83.42%,提高了研究区内地质灾害风险预警精度。该研究基于信息量法的地质环境敏感性分区客观合理,综合考虑下垫面和气象要素的第二代预警模型在类似地区的应用,有较高的准确性和适用性。     

Exploring the stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales in a typical subtropical deciduous forest

Numerous efforts have been made to understand stemflow dynamics under different types of vegetation at the inter-event scale, but few studies have explored the stemflow characteristics and corresponding influencing factors at the intra-event scale. An in-depth investigation of the inter- and intra-event dynamics of stemflow is important for understanding the ecohydrological processes in forest ecosystems. In this study, stemflow volume (F_V), stemflow funnelling ratio (F_R), and stemflow ratio (F_%) from Quercus acutissima and Broussonetia papyrifera trees were measured at both inter- and intra-event scales in a subtropical deciduous forest, and the driving factors, including tree species and meteorological factors were further explored. Specifically, the F_V, F_R and F_% of Q. acutissima (52.3 L, 47.2, 9.6%) were lower than those of B. papyrifera (85.1 L, 91.2, 12.4%). The effect of tree species on F_V and F_% was more obvious under low intensity rainfall types. At the inter-event scale, F_V had a strong positive linear correlation with rainfall amount (G_P) and event duration (D_E) for both tree species, whereas F_R and F_% had a positive logarithmic correlation with G_P and D_E only under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type. F_R and F_% were mainly affected by wind speed and the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity under low-intensity, long-duration rainfall type. At the intra-event scale, for both tree species, the mean lag time between the start of rainfall and stemflow was the shortest under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type, while the mean duration and amount of stemflow after rain cessation were the greatest under high-amount, long-duration rainfall type. The relationship between stemflow intensity and rainfall intensity at the 5-min interval scale also depended greatly on rainfall type. These findings can help clarify stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales, and also provide abundant data and parameters for ecohydrological simulations in subtropical forests.     

1984—2020年辽宁省极端气温时空变化及粮食产量响应研究

通过选取极端气温指数对1984—2020年辽宁省极端气温时空变化进行分析,结果表明：① 近37 a极端气温指数的时间变化具有一致性,表现为暖指数（年极端高温、暖昼日数、暖夜日数）上升和冷指数（年极端低温、冷昼日数、冷夜日数）下降。受城市化进程影响,突变主要集中在1995—2005年。② 极端气温指数具有空间差异性,具体表现在城镇化水平高的城市极端气温差值变化较小,沿海地区相对指数变化幅度相对较小。③ 结合辽宁省粮食与气象灾害数据,得出1984—2020年粮食实际产量与趋势产量呈波动上升变化。相对产量与气象产量波动趋势一致,近37 a气候丰年10个、气候歉年7个,其他为正常年份。气象产量受极端高温、极端低温的影响较大,风雹、冷冻成为影响粮食产量的关键气象灾害。     

莫高窟PM10浓度与气象要素的关系

采用2018年敦煌莫高窟第16窟窟内与窟区PM₁₀浓度及气象数据,分析PM₁₀时空分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）两处监测点PM₁₀浓度主要分布在50 μg·m^-3以下,受重污染天气影响较小;春、冬、秋、夏季依次降低,窟区PM₁₀浓度在春、冬季高于窟内,夏、秋季反之。（2）PM₁₀浓度3月最高,9月最低,5—9月窟内月均值高于窟区。PM₁₀污染日数窟内5月最多,而窟区3、5月较多。（3）PM₁₀浓度日变化曲线在春季和秋季呈“双峰”型,夏季和冬季呈“单峰”型。（4）在半封闭环境的洞窟内,沙尘暴发生前后,PM₁₀浓度达到极值及恢复至原来水平的时间均滞后于窟区。（5）在不同季节PM₁₀浓度与气温、风速和降水呈负相关。除秋季外,PM₁₀浓度与相对湿度、气压呈正相关。（6）窟区全年主风向为ESE,在冬春两季,此风向PM₁₀浓度最高,PM₁₀主要来自三危山前的戈壁滩、干涸的大泉河河道以及窟前裸露的地表积尘。     

气象卫星的云观测

云体现着不同尺度天气系统发生、发展和消亡的过程。云还通过反射太阳辐射和阻止地球发射辐射,维持着全球能量平衡。1960年气象卫星的出现,揭开了从浩瀚太空,俯视千变万化云系的历史。气象卫星云图的获取,加深了人们对天气、气候变化过程的认识,推进了大气科学的发展。本文围绕气象卫星云遥感主题,首先概述了利用卫星资料开展云检测、云相态识别、云光学厚度与等效粒子半径反演的原理和方法。而后,着重介绍了各类天气尺度和中尺度天气过程的云系特征。最后,文章回顾了国际卫星云气候方面的工作,展望了未来云观测技术的发展前景。     

河南电网输电线路舞动的气象要素指标研究

利用2009—2010年河南省3次输电线路舞动过程的探空站资料和地面气象站观测资料,分析了输电线路舞动的气象要素特征,得出输电线路舞动的气象要素指标:(1)700~850 hPa存在≥0℃的暖层,其下存在0℃的冷层。(2)700 hPa以下空气接近饱和,温度和露点温度的差值≤2℃。(3)地面温度-4~1℃,风速≥3 m·s~(-1),相对湿度≥70%。利用1998年至今的探空数据和地面气象站观测数据,以及2015年11月至今的模式数据,对上述指标进行了检验。最后以2015年11月22—24日河南电网的舞动过程为例,采用上述指标绘制了舞动分布图,发现利用该指标预报的舞动格点涵盖了电网实际监测到的发生舞动的杆塔,该指标具有一定的适用性。     

2016年中国气候主要特征及主要天气气候事件

2016年,全国气候异常,极端天气气候事件多,暴雨洪涝、台风和风雹等气象灾害较突出,气候年景差。全国平均气温较常年偏高0.8℃,为1951年以来第三高;四季气温均偏高,其中,夏季气温为1961年以来同期最高。四季降水量均偏多,冬、秋季分别为1961年以来同期最多。全国平均年降水量730.0 mm,较常年偏多16%,为1951年以来最多。华南前汛期和西南雨季开始早;入梅早、出梅晚,梅雨期长,雨量多;华北雨季短,雨量多;华西秋雨短,雨量少。2016年,全国暴雨过程多,南北洪涝并发。登陆台风数量多、平均强度强。强对流天气多,损失偏重,北方风雹灾害突出。气温波动大,夏季高温影响范围广。秋、冬京津冀及周边地区霾天气频繁。其他灾害如干旱、低温冷冻害、雪灾和春季沙尘影响均偏轻。     

云南属都湖近百年环境演变的湖泊沉积记录与器测资料对比研究

通过对属都湖湖心钻取的短岩芯Esdr1进行放射性核素137Cs和常规的元素分析,利用137Cs建立精确的年代标尺,开展地球化学记录环境演变与器测资料的对比研究。器测资料表明,近50年来,该地区主要的气候变化特征:1958～1983年,气候偏冷湿;1983～2002年,气候逐渐暖干化,这些气候波动特征被沉积岩芯忠实记录。研究表明属都湖沉积物地球化学代用指标指示的气候演化特征与器测资料可很好的对比印证,属都湖沉积岩芯完整的记录了区域气候变化的信息     

上海市PM2.5浓度变化特征及其气象因子分析

对上海市2012-2016年PM_2.5质量浓度、气象因素数据资料进行整理统计,通过定性分析与定量计算相结合的方法,揭示近年来上海市PM_2.5浓度的变化特征及其污染状况;采用相关性分析,从温度、气压、相对湿度、风向、风速和降水量等方面探讨了PM_2.5浓度与气象因素之间的关联性。结果表明：上海市近5 a空气质量主要为优和良,污染天数所占全年比例在减少。PM_2.5浓度呈现出夏季低,冬季高的季节特征,而且8月PM_2.5浓度最低,处于16~36 μg·m^-3;PM_2.5的日变化呈现出双峰双谷结构,浓度峰值出现于8~9时和19~20时,且后者浓度更高。气温、气压、相对湿度的阈值分别出现在9.8℃、1 021.6 hPa、83%,最大PM_2.5在阈值处出现显著变化;最大PM_2.5浓度与累积风速和降水量呈现出对数关系,并且东北风和东南风的累积风速达到350 m·s^-1以上时,PM_2.5浓度基本减少至35 μg·m^-3;降水量越大,PM_2.5浓度越低。