相似天气背景下深圳两次前汛期降水过程对比分析

在高空槽和低层切变线配合的相似环流背景下,2019 年 4 月 11 日深圳出现短时暴雨（ 简称“2019 年过程”）,2020 年 4 月 11 日以稳定性弱降水为主（ 简称“2020 年过程”）,利用 ERAS 再分析数据等对深圳这两次前汛期降水过程进行了对比分析。 结果表明,2019 年过程,温湿层结等对流条件和高空辐散条件较好,低空辐合动力条件相对较弱,在边界层辐合线触发下产生明显的中尺度对流系统（mesoscale convective system, MCS) 活动, 导致深圳出现短时强降水和雷暴大风。2020 年过程,低层辐合等动力条件较好,但对流条件相对较弱,降水以稳定性降水为主。 对比分析说明,温度和湿度层结条件较动力条件对华南前汛期 MCS 生成作用更为明显,强对流发生前 12 h深圳等珠三角地区 Q矢量辐合明显,对 MCS 活动以及强对流发生有较好的指示意义。     

基于格点实况的海南岛网格晴雨预报检验

采用高分辨率的格点降水实况资料,对2019年5月1日—9月30日中国气象局广东快速更新同化数值预报系统(CMA-GD)、中国气象局上海数值预报模式系统(CMA-SH9)和欧洲中期天气预报中心全球模式(ECMWF)的降水预报产品作海南岛晴雨预报的检验评估,结果表明:(1) CMA-SH9具有较高的晴雨准确率及较小的雨区面积偏差。CMA-GD(ECMWF)评分偏低与较高漏(空)报比例有关,漏(空)报易出现在五指山以南和东部沿海一带。三个模式在海南岛东部沿海一带的晴雨准确率随预报时效减小而提高;(2) CMA-GD多漏报,CMA-SH9和ECMWF多空报。CMA-GD和CMA-SH9比ECMWF具有较快速的调整能力,预报时效缩短,雨区面积偏差减小,晴雨评分提高;(3) 降水面积百分比为0~20%、20%~40%、40%~60% 的局地降水事件中,CMAGD和CMA-SH9预报雨区面积偏大,预报时效增加,面积偏差由偏多转偏少;降水面积百分比为60%~80%、80%~100%的降水事件中,雨区面积随时效增加呈增加趋势。(4) CMA-GD对海南岛北部高频降水中心具有较强的预报能力,但易漏报南部高频降水中心。CMA-SH9在海南岛北部易出现高频降水面积偏大,质心偏东的误差,但对南部的高频降水预报能力优于CMA-GD。通过最优面积阈值择优方案迭代集成CMA-GD、CMASH9和ECMWF的降水预报,可有效提高海南岛高分辨率网格晴雨预报准确率。      

Local stress analysis in granular materials at a mesoscale

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the change of scale techniques developed for granular materials. The proposed approach consists in considering an intermediate scale between the macroscales and microscales, called the mesoscale, using the classical homogenization scheme. In this approach, the mesoscale for 2D granular materials was defined at the level of local volumes, called mesodomains, which are local closed structures composed of particles in contact. In this paper, we focused on defining a local stress field at this scale. Two different methods are proposed, both based on the equivalent continuum mean stress but using different approximations of the mean stress tensor for each mesodomain. The two proposed methods were then compared to each other. Analyses performed on the stress field at the mesoscale show that this local field is heterogeneous and, in particular, that its heterogeneity is significantly structured at this scale. The distribution of the local mean stress (first invariant of the local stress tensor) is uniform in any mesodomain, whereas the distribution of the stress deviator (second invariant of the deviatoric part of the local stress tensor) is significantly dependent on the elongation direction and on the elongation degree of the mesodomains. The local stress ratio (ratio of the stress deviator to the mean stress) is higher within the mesodomains that are elongated in the global compression direction than that within the ones elongated in the global extension direction. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An analytical study of general hyper-diffusivity and barotropic eddies

An exact solution to the barotropic potential vorticity equation is used to examine the properties of barotropic vortices under arbitrary nth-order hyper-diffusivity. Analytical expressions are derived for an eddy's lifetime, meridional drift, decay in size, and energy, as functions of the Coriolis parameter, order and magnitude of diffusivity, and the eddy's size, shape and strength. These expressions provide a simple explanation for many observed features of oceanic and atmospheric vortices. For example, the competition between the Coriolis effect and eddy strength in giving permitted eddy geometries; the bias towards a zonal anisotropy for large vortices but not for small ones; energetic preference for axisymmetry; poleward meridional drift of cyclonic vortices; and meridional speed variation depending on eddy geometry and strength.     

Isotopic and geochemical tracers reveal similarities in transit times in contrasting mesoscale catchments

There is a need for more isotopic tracer studies at the mesoscale to extend our understanding of catchment transit times and their associated controls beyond smaller experimental sites (typically < 10 km²). This paper, therefore, examines the isotope hydrology of six mesoscale (10¹–10² km²) sub‐catchments of the 2000 km² basin of the River Dee in northern Scotland. All the catchments were upland in character (mean altitude > 400 m) with similar suites of soil coverage (predominantly regosols, gleys, peats and podzols), although the relative distribution varied, as did the presence of other landscape features such as aquifers in Quaternary drifts and lakes. Input–output relationships of δ¹⁸O in precipitation and runoff revealed contrasting responses and differential damping which were broadly consistent with catchment characteristics. The mean transit times (MTTs) were estimated using a convolution integral with a Gamma distribution as the transfer function. These varied from 528 days in the most responsive catchments to > 800 days in catchments where the tracer signature was most damped. Shorter MTTs were found in sub‐catchments with a higher percentage cover of responsive soils (i.e. regosols, gleys and peats), whilst sub‐catchments with longest MTTs had a higher coverage of free‐draining podzolic and alluvial soils, as well as significant amount of stored water either in fluvio‐glacial aquifers or large lakes. The MTT of all six catchments had the same order of magnitude; this contrasts with studies in the Scottish Highlands with smaller (<10 km²) catchments where MTT has been shown to vary between 60 and 1200 days. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The transient oasis: Nutrient-phytoplankton dynamics and particle export in Hawaiian lee cyclones

Macronutrients, photosynthetic pigments, and particle export were assessed in two eddies during the E-Flux I and III cruises to investigate linkages between biogeochemical properties and export flux in Hawaiian lee cyclonic eddies. Cyclone Noah (E-Flux I), speculated to be in the ‘decay’ stage, exhibited modest increases in macronutrients and photosynthetic pigments at the eddy center compared to ambient waters. Cyclone Opal (E-Flux III) also exhibited modest increases in macronutrient concentrations, but a 2-fold enhancement in total chlorophyll a (TChl a) concentration within the eddy center. As indicated by fucoxanthin concentrations, the phytoplankton community in the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) of Opal was comprised mainly of diatoms. During an 8-day time series in the center of Opal, TChl a concentration and fucoxanthin in the DCM decreased by 50%, which was potentially triggered by silicic acid limitation. Despite the presence of a substantial diatom bloom, Opal did not deliver the expected export of particulate carbon and nitrogen, but rather a large biogenic silica export (4-fold increase relative to export in surrounding waters). Results suggest that controls on the life cycle of a Hawaiian lee cyclone are likely a combination of physical (eddy dynamics), chemical (nutrient limitation), and biological (growth and grazing imbalance) processes. Comparisons between Noah and Opal and previously studied cyclones in the region point to a relationship between the spin-up duration of a cyclone and the resulting biological response. Nonetheless, Hawaiian lee cyclones, which strongly influence the biogeochemistry of areas 100's of km in scale in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean, still remain an enigma.     

Physical dynamics and biological implications of Cyclone Noah in the lee of Hawaii during E-Flux I

Quasi-synoptic observations of the horizontal and vertical structure of a cold-core cyclonic mesoscale eddy feature (Cyclone Noah) were conducted in the lee of Hawai’i from November 4–22, 2004 as part of the E-Flux interdisciplinary collaborative research program. Cyclone Noah appears to have spun up to the southwest of the ‘Alenuihaha Channel (between Maui and Hawai’i) as a result of strong and persistent northeasterly trade winds through the channel. Shipboard hydrographic surveys 2.5 months later suggest that Noah weakened and was in a hypothesized spin-down phase of its life cycle. Although the initial surface expression of Noah was limited in scale to 40 km in diameter and, as evidenced by surface temperatures, 2–3 °C cooler than the surrounding waters, depth profiles revealed a fully developed semi-elliptical shallow feature (200 m), 144 km long and 90 km wide (based on sigma-t=23 kg m⁻³) with tangential speeds of 40–80 cm s⁻¹, and substantial isopycnal doming. Potential vorticity distribution of Noah suggests that radial horizontal flow of the core water was inhibited from the surface to depths of 75 m, with high vorticity confined above the sigma-t=23.5 kg m⁻³ isopycnal surface. Upward displacements of isopycnal surfaces in the eddy's center (50 m) were congruent with enhanced pigment concentrations (0.50 mg m⁻³). Comparisons of the results obtained for E-Flux I (Noah) and E-Flux III (Opal) suggest that translation characteristics of cyclonic Hawaiian lee eddies may be important in establishing the biogeochemical and biological responses of the oligotrophic ocean to cyclonic eddies.     

The carbon dioxide system and net community production within a cyclonic eddy in the lee of Hawaii

The dynamics of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and processes controlling net community production (NCP) were investigated within a mature cyclonic eddy, Cyclone Opal, which formed in the lee of the main Hawaiian Islands in the subtropical North Pacific Gyre. Within the eddy core, physical and biogeochemical properties suggested that nutrient- and DIC-rich deep waters were uplifted by 80 m relative to surrounding waters, enhancing biological production. A salt budget indicates that the eddy core was a mixture of deep water (68%) and surface water (32%). NCP was estimated from mass balances of DIC, nitrate+nitrite, total organic carbon, and dissolved organic nitrogen, making rational inferences about the unobserved initial conditions at the time of eddy formation. Results consistently suggest that NCP in the center of the eddy was substantially enhanced relative to the surrounding waters, ranging from 14.1±10.6 (0–110 m: within the euphotic zone) to 14.2±9.2 (0–50 m: within the mixed layer) to 18.5±10.7 (0–75 m: within the deep chlorophyll-maximum layer) mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹ depending on the depth of integration. NCP in the ambient waters outside the eddy averaged about 2.37±4.24 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹ in the mixed layer (0–95 m). Most of the enhanced NCP inside the eddy appears to have accumulated as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) rather than exported as particulate organic carbon (POC) to the mesopelagic. Our results also suggest that the upper euphotic zone (0–75 m) above the deep chlorophyll maximum is characterized by positive NCP, while NCP in the lower layer (>75 m) is close to zero or negative.     

Photosynthetic community responses to upwelling in mesoscale eddies in the subtropical North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

In this paper we summarise the photo-physiological responses of phytoplankton to upwelling of macronutrients in mesoscale eddies in the subtropical North Atlantic (EDDIES project, Sargasso Sea) and subtropical North Pacific (E-FLUX project, Hawaii). The observations, obtained on two sets of cruises over 2 years, occupied six cyclonic eddies and two mode-water eddies. The photosynthetic physiological parameters were measured using a bench-top fluorescence induction and relaxation (FIRe) system and a submersible in situ fast repetition rate fluorometer (FRRF) deployed on an undulating towed vehicle. Both of these instruments were used to provide highly sensitive and well-resolved data on community responses. The responses are dependent on both the type of eddy and its stage of development. Our results indicate that, while cyclonic eddies in the Atlantic and Pacific can increase primary photosynthetic production early in their development, mode-water eddies in the subtropical North Atlantic can support patchy blooms of large diatoms for long periods of time (more than 3 months).     

北太平洋中尺度涡海表温度和叶绿素浓度特征分析

本文利用AVISO卫星高度计资料识别并追踪了北太平洋2007年—2012年的中尺度涡,并利用OSTIA的海表温度SST(Sea Surface Temperature)资料与MODIS的叶绿素a浓度(Chl-a)资料,研究了北太平洋2007年—2012年中尺度涡SST和Chl-a浓度的时空分布特征,并分析北太平洋典型中尺度涡SST与Chl-a浓度的变化特征,主要结论如下:本文共识别出992个中尺度涡,其中442个气旋涡,550个反气旋涡。中尺度涡SST时空分布特征为:气旋涡温度强度(ICE)月变化特征比反气旋涡温度强度(IAE)更强。ICE年际变化显著,IAE则不明显。温度强度较强的气旋涡和反气旋涡集中分布在黑潮延伸区。中尺度涡Chl-a浓度时空分布特征如下:气旋涡和反气旋涡Chl-a浓度月变化特征明显,且二者的变化趋势一致;年际变化则均不明显。Chl-a浓度值高的中尺度涡主要分布在高纬海域。中尺度涡SST与海洋动力参数(振幅、涡度和涡动能(EKE))的相互关系为:反气旋涡SST与振幅的相关性亦正亦负,且在空间上均匀分布。气旋涡SST与振幅的负相关系数主要分布在黑潮延伸区。正相关性强的反气旋涡多于气旋涡。反气旋涡SST与涡度的相关性亦正亦负,气旋涡SST与涡度呈负相关。反气旋涡SST与EKE的相关性亦正亦负;气旋涡的相关性为正。中尺度涡Chl-a浓度与海洋动力参数的相互关系为:反气旋涡Chl-a浓度与振幅的相关性为正,且在空间上均匀分布;气旋涡在黑潮延伸区与阿拉斯加湾呈正相关。反气旋涡和气旋涡Chl-a浓度与涡度均呈正相关。反气旋涡Chl-a浓度与EKE呈正相关;气旋涡Chl-a浓度与EKE相关性亦正亦负。