天基太赫兹云雷达需求指标分析与论证

云对大气起着重要的动力和热力作用,对地球能量平衡、气候变化及天气演变具有重要影响,但云是全球气候模型中最重要的也是最难确定的气象要素之一。太赫兹(Terahertz,THz)波是介于微波和红外辐射的电磁波,具有方向性好、能效高、可全天候工作、对云系微物理结构有更高的灵敏度等优点。天基云雷达是测量全球尺度云的有效手段,它能够直接测量云的三维结构,还可以为被动微波遥感测量提供订正参考,目前天基雷达是获取全球云的垂直运动、粒子相态和中尺度物理结构等信息的唯一设备。综合太赫兹波与雷达探测的优势,采用天基太赫兹雷达进行云雾探测,能够获得目前其他技术手段无法获得的独特信息。从应用需求的角度,综合考虑探测目标的垂直与水平分布特性、目标测量所受的杂波干扰、测量精度、分辨率拖影、天线尺寸和衰减等方面的要求,对天基太赫兹测云雷达的探测频段、灵敏度、分辨率、扫描范围、探测距离等重要需求指标进行分析论证,给出合理的需求指标,推进国内天基太赫兹测云雷达的开发建设及应用,为主动遥感气象探测增加一支生力军。     

欠发达农区传统制造业集群的网络演化分析——以河南省虞城县南庄村钢卷尺产业集群为例

本文以河南省虞城县南庄村钢卷尺产业集群为例,基于企业问卷调查数据,运用社会网络分析法,通过对比企业在初创阶段的衍生网络与现阶段的情感网络、咨询网络和合作网络,探讨了欠发达农区传统制造业集群中网络的形成和演化过程。研究发现相对于偏重技术联系的发达地区高技术集群来说,欠发达农区传统制造业集群网络的形成和演化更具有内生性和自组织规律。在集群成长和网络演进的过程中,集群网络中的核心关系受农村社区聚落环境的影响,并随农区企业规模、地位和能力的改变而演变。依此集群网络的形成和演化经历4个阶段,即家族或泛家族网络阶段、内部分工生产网络阶段、本地创新网络阶段和全球供应链网络阶段,各类型网络在集群发展的不同阶段起着不同的作用。     

现代大地测量学中的垂线偏差

从大地测量学的角度论述了垂线偏差概念从传统到现代的发展和演变,比较全面地探讨了现代垂线偏差的含义和测定方法。通过对垂线偏差量级和误差大小的具体分析,得出结论一般长周期的、幅度较小的非潮汐变化要小于潮汐变化,但短周期的、幅度较大的非潮汐变化则可能与潮汐变化相当,个别地区甚至还会超过潮汐变化,这种情况完全可以用重复重力测量的方法检测到,这也说明重复测量的方法是可行的。     

逆向工程技术在建筑物倾斜测量中的应用

针对目前传统倾斜测量方法不能够全面反映建筑物倾斜变形的问题,提出一种新的基于逆向工程技术的倾斜观测方法,该方法能够较全面地反映建筑物各个部位的倾斜变形情况。基于烟囱倾斜测量的实验结果表明,所提方法不仅可以快速获取监测物体的三维点云数据,还能够准确计算出建筑物的重点监测部位。研究结果可应用于一般建筑物和塔形建筑物的倾斜观测。论文将逆向工程技术引入到倾斜测量领域中,可以更加全面、直观、形象地反映建筑物的倾斜情况。     

机助面积量测与传统方法的比较

传统的地图面积量算的仪器和方法很多,其中大部分速度慢、精度低、劳动强度大。目前,在地理信息系统支持下利用计算机量测面积,是一种快速、有效的方法。该文重点介绍在地理信息系统支持下利用计算机量测面积的技术和方法,并从传统方法中选出两种普遍采用的膜片法和求积仪法,通过三种方法的速度、精度、设备投资以及劳动强度的比较,得出机助面积量测法最优,求积仪法次之,模片法较差。     

KZWY91—1000型钻孔瓦斯压力测定仪的应用

通过对山西省云台山5次瓦斯测压试验,系统介绍了钻孔瓦斯压力测定仪的结构、工作原理和测试程序。并从测压泥浆质量管理、提高封孔效果和把握卸压环节总结出一整套测试经验。分析了测试原理、各主要部件性能、成功率高低、经济效益等。      

How fast does tufa grow? Very high-resolution measurement of the tufa growth rate on artificial substrates by the development of a contactless image-based modelling device

Accurate determination of the tufa growth rate (TGR) is required to answer the fundamental geomorphological question of tufa evolution. The TGR has been measured by various direct and indirect methods. One of the most popular direct methods uses modified micro-erosion meter (MEM), which has several drawbacks. Here, we present for the first time a coordinate measuring macro-photogrammetry device (CMD) for monitoring the TGR in a contactless manner. The CMD was applied on 28 limestone plates at 14 locations within the Skradinski buk area, Croatia, and measurements were performed in the laboratory. The TGR was derived from digital tufa high-resolution models (DTHRMs). The accuracy of the device was evaluated using state-of-the-art three-dimensional (3D) scanners and error calculation at checkpoints. Moreover, the precision was evaluated with the split test (n = 5). A total of 74 DTHRMs with a spatial resolution of 0.0236 mm were created. The TGR ranged from 0.327 to 19.302 mm a⁻¹, with an average of 5.771 mm a⁻¹. A higher TGR was observed on the limestone plates near mosses, located in fast and turbulent water rather than in stagnant water. We found that specific micro-environmental factors (e.g. proximity to moss) positively affected tufa growth. Erosion events were observed, as well as the presence of aquatic insect larvae (Simuliidae and Chironomidae), which positively affected tufa growth. The CMD is a precise and accurate device that does not suffer from the drawbacks of the MEM method and has many other advantages. It has a high capability of tufa erosion detection, enables the identification of macroinvertebrates, and multispectral or hyperspectral cameras can be mounted on the device for spectral reflectance analysis of the tufa surface. The CMD can be applied in any study requiring a sub-millimetre data quality and involving the comparison of consecutive 3D models and derivation of various parameters of smaller objects. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用于沉积物-海水界面污染通量监测的自动采样技术

研究海底沉积物一海水界面污染物迁移规律的最佳方法是通过原位无扰动采样技术获取该界面水样,经过实验室分析计算得出污染通量.文中介绍了用于沉积物-海水界面污染通量监测的自动采样技术,通过测量通量舱在海底沉积物上隔离海水中的污染物含量的变化,能实现痕量重金属等污染通量的实时、现场、自动采样和监测.     

利用GPS定位技术建立沛县地籍测量控制网

随着GPS定位技术的快速发展,GPS定位技术在工程测量领域的应用越来越广泛,从控制测量、地形测图,到施工放样都发挥了重要的作用。本文主要叙述了利用GPS定位技术建立沛县地籍控制网的情况。     

Life cycle of intraseasonal oscillation of summer SST in the western South China Sea

Intraseasonal oscillation (ISO, times-cales of 30~90 d) of summer sea surface temperature (SST) in the western South China Sea is studied using harmonic and empirical orthogonal function analyses of microwave observations by the tropical rainfall measuring mission satellite. Each summer from May to September, two or three ISO events occur off South Vietnam, with a typical period of approximately 50 d. The life cycle of these events from the initiation to decay of SST anomalies is described.