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921.
Analysis of uncertainties in the hydrological response of a model‐based climate change impact assessment in a subcatchment of the Spree River,Germany 下载免费PDF全文
Climate change impact assessments form the basis for the development of suitable climate change adaptation strategies. For this purpose, ensembles consisting of stepwise coupled models are generally used [emission scenario → global circulation model → downscaling approach (DA) → bias correction → impact model (hydrological model)], in which every item is affected by considerable uncertainty. The aim of the current study is (1) to analyse the uncertainty related to the choice of the DA as well as the hydrological model and its parameterization and (2) to evaluate the vulnerability of the studied catchment, a subcatchment of the highly anthropogenically impacted Spree River catchment, to hydrological change. Four different DAs are used to drive four different model configurations of two conceptually different hydrological models (Water Balance Simulation Model developed at ETH Zürich and HBV‐light). In total, 452 simulations are carried out. The results show that all simulations compute an increase in air temperature and potential evapotranspiration. For precipitation, runoff and actual evapotranspiration, opposing trends are computed depending on the DA used to drive the hydrological models. Overall, the largest source of uncertainty can be attributed to the choice of the DA, especially regarding whether it is statistical or dynamical. The choice of the hydrological model and its parameterization is of less importance when long‐term mean annual changes are compared. The large bandwidth at the end of the modelling chain may exacerbate the formulation of suitable climate change adaption strategies on the regional scale. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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923.
基于加速器控制网的GPS绝对测量精度探讨 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
针对当前散裂中子源准直测量控制网空间距离大、绝对精度要求高,常规测量难以满足需要的问题,提出采用不受通视限制、高精度的GPS测量解决,通过GPS在“标准检测场”准直实验,计算分析后处理软件、观测仪器及观测时长对GPS绝对测量精度的影响,结果表明,1km的测区范围,商业软件解算结果优于科研软件,且商业软件中TTC解算精度最高;分体机比一体机观测精度更高,但随观测时长增长,二者精度相当;观测时长超过8小时以上,基线值将趋于稳定。 相似文献
924.
A stochastic flow representation is considered with the Eulerian velocity decomposed between a smooth large scale component and a rough small-scale turbulent component. The latter is specified as a random field uncorrelated in time. Subsequently, the material derivative is modified and leads to a stochastic version of the material derivative to include a drift correction, an inhomogeneous and anisotropic diffusion, and a multiplicative noise. As derived, this stochastic transport exhibits a remarkable energy conservation property for any realizations. As demonstrated, this pivotal operator further provides elegant means to derive stochastic formulations of classical representations of geophysical flow dynamics. 相似文献
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926.
在敞开体系中,用HF、HNO3和HClO4溶解电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定土壤样品中的15种稀土元素。在高分辨等离子体质谱仪(Element2)上建立了土壤样品中稀土元素含量的ICP-MS分析方法,经土壤国家一级标准物质分析验证,结果与标准值相符,测定的15种稀土元素的相对标准偏差均小于10%,加标回收率为96.5%~114.7%。实验表明,该方法不但操作简便快速,而且具有灵敏度高、检出限低,重现性好等优点,举例说明了测量不确定度的评定程序。 相似文献
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929.
Month-Long Simulations of Gravity Waves over North America and North Atlantic in Comparison with Satellite Observations 下载免费PDF全文
Mesoscale simulations of gravity waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over North America and North Atlantic Ocean in January 2003 are compared with satellite radiance measurements from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A). Four regions of strong gravity wave (GW) activities are found in the model simulations and the AMSU-A observations: the northwestern Atlantic, the U.S. Rockies, the Appalachians, and Greenland. GWs over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean are associated with the midlatitude baroclinic jet-front system, while the other three regions are apparently related to high topography. Model simulations are further used to analyze momentum fluxes in the zonal and meridional directions. It is found that strong westward momentum fluxes are prevalent over these regions over the whole period. Despite qualitative agreement between model simulations and satellite measurements, sensitivity experiments demonstrate that the simulated GWs are sensitive to the model spin-up time. 相似文献
930.
对震后桥梁稳定性与安全性检测过程中,挠度是一项重要检测指标,但是测量这一参数较为复杂,干扰较多,结果存在较大问题。设计一种震后桥梁挠度测量方法。根据实际桥梁设置相关参数,采用共轭梁法计算震后桥梁固定点的初始挠度,结合震后桥梁挠度曲线函数,获得欲求解的桥梁截面挠度值;修正桥梁截面挠度值时,将监测点高程差同基准点高程差间的差值问题替代挠度偏差问题,分析倾斜传感器获取维护点倾斜传感器的理论值和基准点倾斜传感器的理论值,确定挠度偏差,修正震后桥梁挠度测量值。通过简支梁与连续梁实验,验证测量震后桥梁挠度时,具有更高测量精度。 相似文献