空间尺度转换数据精度评价的准则和方法

空间尺度问题是地理学、生态学和水文学等多个学科的基础科学问题之一。空间数据尺度转换是将数据从一个空间尺度转换到另一个空间尺度的过程, 它是尺度科学研究的重要内容之一。对尺度转换后的成果数据深入分析, 提炼尺度转换成果数据精度评价的原则、指标以及模型方法, 这对正确选择和应用尺度转换成果数据具有重要意义。在详细评述尺度和尺度转换研究概念、内容和主要进展的基础上, 本文主要从数据处理、地图学角度出发, 提出了空间数据尺度转换精度评价的3 项基本准则, 即保持构成信息守恒、保持面积信息守恒、保持区域空间格局和形态信息守恒。继而据此将当前常见的指标进行了梳理和归并;根据上述准则和指标, 结合GIS 方法、常规统计方法、地统计方法等, 给出了上述评价指标的计算模型及其应用方法和典型案例。最后指出, 在实际应用中需结合研究目标, 针对性选择尺度转换效应函数, 通过开展模型模拟和对比分析, 最终确定合适的尺度转换方法。     

长沙市人居环境与经济协调发展的不确定性评价(英文)

The coordinated development of human settlement environment and economy is of vital significance to urban sustainable development and urban ecosystem health. Urban human settlement and economic systems exist in urban ecosystems, which are a structural complexity. Therefore the research is being challenged by some uncertain factors between human settlements and economic systems. However most of the researches were focused on its determinate objective aspects and qualitative analyses while less concern on the quantitative evaluation of coordinated development of urban human settlement environment and economy, especially little on its uncertain aspect. At present, the urgent task is to study the coordinated development of urban settlement environment and economy in terms of the effect of uncertainty. This study analyzed the uncertain characteristics, which would be confronted at different stages, such as confirming the index categories, their bound values, and their construction rate, etc. According to the actual urban conditions, many construction principles based on uncertainties are put forward and an indicating system for human settlement and economic evaluation is established. Moreover, the application of fuzzy mathematics presents a new method and a calculation model for the comprehensive assessment of the coordinated development of urban human settlement environment and economy. The application of the method and model in Changsha city of China showed that the assessment results can reflect not only the overall coordination degree of the city, but also the mode of interactive mechanism between urban economic system and human settlement environment.     

大数据时代数字找矿与定量评价

这是一个科技飞速发展的时代,也是一个数据爆炸的时代。不同学科领域及不同类型工作都需要针对其特点开发和建立自己的数据科学,培养各自领域的科学人才。通过对大数据时代概念和形成的深入理解,将其引入到地学领域的研究工作中,从而提出数字找矿的概念,实现数学地质到数字地质的飞跃,弥补传统定性找矿的缺陷,结合四大找矿系统理论,对矿产预测做出科学的定量评价与分析,是未来的必然发展趋势。     

山东博山地下水污染研究

博山是山东省中部的一个工业城市，完全依靠地下水供水。主要的供水水源为中奥统碳酸盐岩石中的裂隙－喀斯特水。城区附近的水源受到相当程度的污染，本文研究了主要的污染源及其污染途径，地下水中主要污染成分及其空间分布特征，用模糊数学方法进行地下水的水质评价，用地质统计学中的趋势面分析和Ｋｒｉｇｉｎｇ方法模拟地下水中污染组分的空间分布，用灰色系统方法和对流弥散方面的特征有限元解进行地下水污染的预测，最后提出了     

湘西金矿尾矿-水相互作用:2.动力学模拟

从硫化物的氧化、脉石矿物的溶解、氧的扩散、水的流动和溶质质量迁移等过程的耦合作用建立了尾矿-水相互作用的动力学模型。对湖南湘西金矿尾矿库的数学模拟表明：早期尾矿-水的相互作用可以引起酸水的产生和重金属的释放及对环境的污染，影响较大的主要是前30年，随着时间增加，尾矿孔隙水逐渐中性化，污染元素含量显著降低。脉石矿物的溶解和有机物反应可降低尾矿中氧的扩散和产生酸的中和作用。尾矿库上部孔隙水中各组分含量明显高于尾矿库下部，并在约6m深处存在突变带。尾矿库的水文分带是导致地球化学分带的主要原因。     

长、株、潭地区构造稳定性数学模拟研究

本文作者通过对长沙、株洲、湘潭地区现有的遥感图像线性构造解译成果和已有的地质、地震、重力、航磁等资料进行分析,选取二十个与该区构造稳定性有关的个变量,采用多元回归分析、逐步回归分析方法、数量化理论Ⅲ和聚类分析等数学方法建立该区构造稳定性评价数学模型对该区的构造稳定性进行定量研究和评价.     

土体自重固结压缩对地面沉降影响研究

以南通市为例,建立了土体自重固结压缩、地下水开采与地面沉降三维全耦合模型.在对模型进行识别、验证的基础上,模拟预测了南通市在地下水停止开采,仅在土体自重固结压缩影响下,自2010年12月31日-2025年12月31日各含水层组地下水流场变化和地面沉降的发展趋势.结果表明,在此期间,南通市由土体自重固结压缩引起的最大地面沉降量为2.42 mm,最大地面沉降速率为0.16 mm/a,土体白重固结压缩对南通市地面沉降的影响极为有限.     

Mapping the porosity of international border to pedestrian traffic: a comparative data classification approach to a study of the border region in Austria,Italy, and Slovenia

National borders play an important role in everyday life. Interest in border studies has increased with recent changes in geographical locations of the border or the fluctuation of the permeability of the border between some countries, such as in the European Union. Whether the nations are trying to increase traffic flow of the border or to implement stricter border control, having appropriate information of the border is crucial for effective policymaking.

The objective of this research was to identify areas of high porosity, or high permeability, for pedestrians along the southern national border region in Carinthia, Austria using terrain, land use, and road data along with geocomputational methods. Two unsupervised classification methods, the fuzzy K-means clustering and the Self-Organizing Map, were applied to segment the border into homogeneous zones according to topographic and infrastructural attributes. The fuzzy K-means clustering method was chosen for its ability to allow for a continuous approach to classification. With this method, an object can belong, with different degrees of membership, to multiple classes, which is a more realistic reflection of the natural world than discrete clustering, where each object can only belong to one class. However, the fuzzy K-means clustering method does have disadvantages, i.e. the user must determine the number of classes and the input parameters are required to be in continuous format. The second classification method, the Self-Organizing Map, is a type of artificial neural network and was chosen for its ability to automatically determine the number of classes and handle categorical data. The Self-Organizing Map is unique because it can transform high dimensional data into low dimensional display while preserving the topology and spatial distribution of the input parameters. The results of the two classification methods suggest that the fuzzy K-means classification is more effective than the Self-Organizing Map for this situation. However, more research is needed to determine the fit of these algorithms for particular spatial data classification tasks.

The results obtained from this research provide an insight into the permeability of the border region of Carinthia, Slovenia, and Italy to pedestrian traffic and can be potentially useful for decision making processes for tourism development and road transportation management in that region. Furthermore, the approach presented in this article can be applied to other national borders to identify zones permeable to pedestrian traffic.     

(re)Considering Bertin in the age of big data and visual analytics

ABSTRACT

This paper highlights a selection of core ideas articulated by Bertin and leveraged by many researchers over time, with particular attention to how the ideas relate to developments in cartography, big data, and visual analytics. A primary contribution is a bibliometric analysis of the impact of Bertin’s Semiology of Graphics at its 50th anniversary. A briefer bibliometric assessment of Graphics and Graphic Information Processing impacts is also provided. The bibliometric analysis includes exploration of citations to Semiology of Graphics over the entire time span (in both English and French editions) as well as more focused analysis by topic and outlet since the advent of visual analytics as a research domain. Then, very recent research related to cartography, visual analytics, and big data is examined in detail to determine if and how Bertin’s ideas continue to be leveraged and extended for current data representation and analysis challenges. After outlining some limitations of the bibliometric analysis, discussion reflects on the current relevance of Bertin’s ideas, potential applications in visual analytics, and the need for a complement to Sémiologie Graphique focused on interactive visual interfaces to an increasingly diverse array of display forms. The paper concludes with thoughts on next steps.     

个旧锡矿芦塘坝矿段断裂构造地球化学特征及其找矿意义

构造地球化学特征研究是指导矿山深部找矿的有效手段。在深入研究矿区地质的基础上,对矿段内地表断裂构造原生晕数据进行了R型聚类分析和R型因子分析,根据R型因子分析的结果——因子得分值,圈定了四组因子得分的综合异常图。其结果表明,元素组合异常明显,呈NE向带状展布;主要成矿元素及相关指示元素组合出现多个异常浓集中心,并与已知深部矿体产出空间能较好地对应。这些特征的分析对指导矿山生产和找矿具有现实意义。