STUDY OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING AN AIR MASS TRANSFORMATION MODEL IN TAIYUAN

An AMT-model,consisting of a trajectory model and a one-dimensional boundary layer model,is tested fortrajectories arriving in Taiyuan to study the possibility of using it in Taiyuan.The sensitivity of the model tothe different processes was studied.Some parameters of the model were modified for the purpose of forecast-ing in specific mountainous terrain and dry climate conditions.Results of examples which we have workedout for Taiyuan circumstances for the periods of July(summer)1985 and January(winter)1986,show that the12h runs of the AMT-model are able to reproduce(on historical data)the sounding of Taiyuan.The AMT-modelcontributes fruitfully to short-range weather forecasts(12—36h ahead)during periods of severe air pollution andwhen cold waves occur.     

On the scavenging of SO2 by cloud and rain drops: IV. A wind tunnel and theoretical study of the absorption of SO2 in the ppb(v) range by water drops in the presence of H2O2

An experimental study involving the Mainz vertical wind tunnel is described where the rate of SO₂ removed from the air by freely suspended water drops was measured for SO₂ concentrations in the gas phase ranging between 50 and 500 ppb, and for various H₂O₂ concentrations in the liquid phase. In a first set of experiments, the pH inside the SO₂ absorbing drops was monitored by means of colour pH indicators added to the drops. In a second set of experiments, the amount of SO₂ scavenged by the drops was determined as sulfate by an ionchromatograph after the drops had been removed from the vertical air stream of the wind tunnel after various times of exposure to SO₂. The results of our experimental study were compared with the theoretical gas diffusion model of Walcek and Pruppacher which was reformulated for the case of SO₂ concentrations in the ppbv(v) range for which the main resistance to diffusion lies in the gas phase surrounding the drop. Excellent agreement between experiment and theory was obtained. Encouraged by this agreement, the theory was used to investigate the rate of sulfate production inside a drop as a function of pH. The sulfate production rate, which includes transport and oxidation, was compared with the production rate based on bulk equilibrium, as cited in the literature.     

华东地区台风暴雨的诊断研究

本文利用一个空间滤波器将物理量分解为天气尺度和次天气尺度,以两个路径相似但环流形势不同的台风暴雨作为例子,对不同尺度的环流及其动能平衡进行诊断研究,结果表明:中、低纬环流系统能否进行相互作用是决定台风暴雨强度和范围的一个重要条件。在8209号台风过程中,这种相互作用是明显的,因而,8209号台风暴雨的强度和范围均显著大于8304号台风。同时,8209号台风暴雨的能量过程突出地反映在次天气尺度的动能场上,相反,在8304号台风过程中,以天气尺度的能量过程为主要的能量特征。本文还特别指出,不能简单地认为登陆台风是一个动能的“准封闭系统”,在8209号台风过程中,台风从中、低层向外输出的次天气尺度动能是造成台风环流之外暴雨的一个重要物理过程。     

Time-dependent behaviour of the rock mass

Summary The strength of intact rock and the rock mass is time-dependent. For intact rock experimental verification is available, for the rock mass the scale of time-dependence is a matter of judgement. Rock mass classifications do however emphasize the effect of time on tunnel stability. This paper examines the source of time-dependence in rocks and the rock mass and suggests a technique for estimating the long term strength. The long term strength of the rock mass is controlled by the time-dependent weakening of intact rock. Frictional resistance, a major source of rock mass strength, increases rather than decreases with time. Lifetime estimation for rocks can be accomplished phenomenologically or mechanistically. The first is a statistical process of wide applicability, the second is more restrictive in usage as its applies only to materials that suffer time-dependent strain (creep). Although the mechanistic route is more appealing, it has a major drawback as it concentrates on steady state creep. There is no strong evidence for steady state creep in rocks. The technique for long term prediction is developed through the analysis of the failure rate under constant load. The failure rate for a given load and environment is established from the frequency distribution of time-to-failure data as measured in static fatigue tests. As expected, the failure rate is strongly affected by both the loading and the environmental condition. The influence, however, is systematic and predictable.     

低Peclet数下剪切流中气溶胶粒子的传质率

本文研究了低Péclet数下剪切流中气溶胶粒子的传质率。Péclet数(Pe)是物质浓度的对流输送项对分子扩散项的比。它等于Reynolds数(Re)与Schmidt数的(Sc)之积。本文应用奇异扰动方法得到了无因次传质率Nu(Nusselt数)在小Péclet数条件下的四项渐近展式，因而?改进了前人的结果。     

一种新的计算冰面饱和水汽压方法

综述了国内外近似计算平面饱和水汽压公式。给出了较为精确、简单的平冰面饱和水汽压计算式，并与Ｗｅｘｌｅｒ等的计算结果进行了比较。     

暴雨过程中积云对流反馈作用的诊断研究

根据各收支方程讨论，概述了各研究者采用直接和间接的方法，计算得出长江流域梅雨期暴雨过程中各源汇的空间分布特征。虽然个例，地区和资料不同，其结果各有差异，易比较，但次网格尺度运动对不尺度环境场的反馈作用均非常显著，因而在设计暴雨预报的数值模式时，参数化方案是必不可少的。     

淮河上游大暴雨的水分平衡

分析了淮河上游大暴雨过程的水汽来源和暴雨区的水分平衡。结果说明，暴雨区除有大量水汽净通量外，还有相当数量的水分来自云的净输送，尤其是大暴雨中心附近，积雨云团的净通量决定降水量的大小。因此，分析云的移动和变化是暴雨预报的重要课题。     

The New Meteorite Fall of Yanzhuang—A Severely Shocked H6 Chondrite with Black Molten Materials

At 21:45 hr (Beijing time) on Oct. 31, 1990 the Yanzhuang meteorite hit the ground at the Yanzhuang village, Wenyuan County, Guangdong Province. Several fragments, totalling 3.5 kg, were recovered during the field survey. This meteorite is a rare one of its kind due to its heavily shocked features and thick veins made up of black molten materials. Olivine and low-calcium pyroxene are compositionally homogeneous with Fa=18.59, Fs=16.35 and Wo=1.29. The chemical composition (total Fe=28.0%) and recrystallized texture of the chondritic mass show that the Yanzhuang is an H6 chondrite. The black molten materials occur in the form of blocks (up to 2×3×4 cm in size) and veins (0.1–15 mm in width), and contain a lot of rounded and elliptic FeNi-FeS blobs (up to 6–10 mm in length). The metal in these blobs exhibits distinct dendritic structure characteristic of rapid cooling. Unmolten and molten samples are very similar in chemical composition, fitting well with the average H-chondrites. Partial melting and FeNi/FeS-silicate separation have not been observed in the molten materials of the Yanzhuang. This project was financially supported by the Science Foundation of Guangdong Province.     

A combined pyrolysis mass spectrometric and light microscopic study of peatified Calluna wood isolated from raised bog peat deposits

Stem wood of the Angiosperm Calluna vulgaris (Scotch heather), isolated at different depths from a selection of raised bog peat deposits, was chemically characterized using in-source pyrolysis mass spectrometry (Py-MS) and Curie-point pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS). Light microscopy was performed to relate mass spectrometric characteristics with anatomical features. Peatified wood samples, isolated from increasing depth show a gradual decrease in carbohydrate content. This decrease in anatomically reflected in a selective removal of secondary cell wall material from the fibre-tracheids and wood parenchyma. During prolonged peatification a selective removal of hemicellulose sugars is observed, while a part of the cellulose fraction is preserved. This highly resistant cellulose is mainly located in the secondary cell walls of the vessels. The lignin macromolecule is preserved, but a gradual decrease in syringyl to guaiacyl ratio (S/G) is observed during peatification. Because no increase in catechol and phenolic compounds is observed, we conclude that S/G shifts are due to removal the of syringyl-rich secondary cell wall material and the retention of guaiacyl-rich compound middle lamella. Small chemical changes in the lignin macromolecule involve shifts in oxygen substitutions on the aliphatic side chains of the methoxyphenolics and the occurrence of aromatic acids.