Distribution of major and trace elements in surface sediments of Hangzhou Bay in China

The Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer was used to analyze sediment samples collected from the Hangzhou Bay to determine major and trace elemental concentrations. Based on these concentrations, the study area can be classified into three geochemical provinces. Province I covers the northern Hangzhou Bay area and contains high concentrations of Al₂ O₃ , Fe₂ O₃ , MgO, Na₂ O, K₂ O, MnO, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Co and Zn. Province III is located in the western Hangzhou Bay, near the Qiantang River mouth, and contains high concentrations of SiO₂ , Na₂ O, P₂ O₅ , TiO₂ , Cr, Sr, Zr. Province II is located in the middle and eastern Hangzhou Bay, with the medium concentrations of major and trace elements. The results also demonstrate that the grain size is the dominating factor controlling the spatial variations of elemental concentrations, and the Changjiang River （Yangtze River） and Qiantang River sediments play an important role in the distribution of these elements. Anthropogenic impact on heavy metal concentrations （especially Cr, Sr and Zr） can be detected in the surface sediments near the Qiantang River mouth.     

红藻DNA条形码分析技术研究进展

DNA条形码是指利用一段相对较短的标准DNA片段,对物种进行识别和鉴定。目前该技术在动物、植物物种鉴定领域已经得到了广泛的研究和应用。在藻类的研究中,尚未确定一条统一的标准条形码基因,现阶段都是使用2条或2条以上基因序列来完成物种鉴定。对于形态多样、种类繁多的海洋红藻,常用的DNA条形码基因有COI基因(Partial cytochrome c oxidase I gene)、UPA基因(Partial 23SrRNA gene,universal plastid amplicon)、LSU基因(Partial 28SrRNA gene)和rbcL基因(The large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase)等,这些基因中2个或3个基因的互补运用准确有效地提高了红藻的鉴定准确率,尤其是COI基因的种间差异大足够区分相近物种。本文在概述条形码的原理及其标准的基础上,阐述了红藻DNA条形码鉴定研究的新进展以及常用几种基因片段的优缺点,并对条形码在红藻鉴定中存在的问题进行了分析,对其应用前景进行了展望。     

三疣梭子蟹HMGR基因的克隆及其在蜕皮中的表达分析

为了研究3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase,HMGR)在甲壳动物蜕皮调控中的作用,采用RT-PCR和c DNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),克隆得到三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)HMGR基因的c DNA序列(Gen Bank登录号:KF280756)。该序列全长2575bp,包括一个53bp的5′端非编码区,一个686bp的3′端非编码区和一个长度为1836bp的开放阅读框,编码611个氨基酸。该氨基酸序列与已公布的美洲海鳌虾HMGR氨基酸序列相比一致性达65%,具有Ⅰ型HMGR保守催化区域、两个HMG-Co A结合基序和两个NADP(H)结合基序。采用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)技术,分析三疣梭子蟹HMGR基因的组织差异表达及在蜕皮周期中的表达水平变化,结果表明HMGR基因在三疣梭子蟹大颚器(MO)中的表达量最高,在其它组织中表达量均极低;在三疣梭子蟹蜕皮周期中,大颚器中HMGR基因的表达量自A期至D0亚期升至最高,然后下降,至D4亚期最低。验证了大颚器是三疣梭子蟹合成甲基法尼酯的唯一器官,表明HMGR在三疣梭子蟹蜕皮调控中起着重要作用。     

深部地质结构对浅层地质与成矿作用的制约——以中国东部大陆及海区为例

根据十余年来参加中国岩石圈三维结构研究和国际合作编图资料,将深部地质结构与浅层地质、成矿特征进行统一的综合分析研究,对中国东部及邻近海域地质构造取得一些新认识,提出一些新观点:(1)在中国大陆及邻近海域400 km深度内,划分出5层地质结构,其中第3、4层之间的变化制约了浅层地质与成矿作用;(2)中国大陆及海区受周边动力挤压,其中西部挤压力大于东部,导致西部软流圈物质经4条路径向东流动,使东部汇聚巨大巨厚的软流圈,形成独特的软流圈巨量热能(力)-动力主体动力区,构成了亚洲大陆第4个主体动力区;(3)太平洋板块俯冲力制约了北纬42°40'以北的完达山及俄罗斯远东地区,菲律宾海板块俯冲力制约了台湾和中国东南沿海地区,二者的动力之和构成了阻挡软流圈物质向东部洋区流动的"远程力效应";(4)软流圈巨量热能(力)-动力作用的主体动力区打造了中国东部及海区7项地质、地貌特征和三大类矿产资源效应。其中岩浆活动与化石燃料矿产(石油、天然气、煤)之间不是"水火不相容",而是岩浆活动为提升油-气成熟度和煤化作用及变质作用提供了重要的温度条件;(5)软流圈巨量热能(力)-动力作用打造了中国东部及海区一些独有的地质作用:①形成了新生代南海小洋盆,并向巴拉望岛俯冲。②产生了新生代陆缘裂谷带,形成了琼州海峡、台湾海峡,并向台湾岛轻度俯冲。③大面积的巨厚软流圈是一座"巨型岩浆山",成为东部及海区"地幔柱"的统一"根基"。地幔柱实际上是巨大"岩浆山"中的"岩浆山峰",今后会发现更多"地幔柱"(即"岩浆山峰")。④中国东部地震除吉林省珲春地区的深源地震(540 km)外,朝鲜半岛及其以西的中国东部和海区均为浅源与中深源地震(震源深度小于100 km),其主体动力都来自本区巨量热能(力)-动力源,太平洋板块-菲律宾海板块的联合俯冲力只起了"远程力效应"的深部侧向挤压辅助作用。⑤巨量热能(力)-动力作用形成了一系列盆-山耦合带,组成了中国东部及海区中-新生代"盆-山耦合群","盆"里有油气资源,"山"里有内生矿产。     

过硫酸氢钾复合物对对虾养殖底泥硝化作用、氨氧化微生物丰度和群落结构的影响

采用在模拟池塘中投放过硫酸氢钾复合物（KMPS）进行对比实验的方法,探究KMPS对养殖底质硝化作用的影响。通过对氨氮和亚硝态氮含量的检测,探究对不同时期氮素转化的影响,低频率高剂量投放组中的氨氮和亚硝态氮含量显著降低,而高频率低剂量组中氨氮和亚硝态氮的含量显著上升。高频率低剂量KMPS的投放使氨氧化古菌（AOA）和氨氧化细菌（AOB）丰度降低,而低频率高剂量KMPS的投放不会造成丰度降低,而且还表现出部分时期AOB丰度的上升。进一步对群落结构进行分析发现KMPS的投放使AOA群落中Nitrosopumilu属相对丰度降低,Nitrososphaera属的相对丰度上升,这种相对丰度的变化与KMPS的投放方式无关;但AOB群落受到KMPS投放方式的影响,低频率高剂量的KMPS投放下AOB群落优势属相对丰度显著提高。以上结果均说明低频率高剂量KMPS的投放起到了促进底质硝化作用的效果。同时,可为KMPS用于对虾养殖池塘底质改良开辟一个新的途径。     

南海西北部表层沉积物常量元素地球化学特征

分析了南海西北部198个表层沉积物的常量元素地球化学特征,研究了沉积物常量元素的含量分布特征、富集程度和粒度效应。结果显示,沉积物的常量元素以SiO2、Al2O3、CaO含量较高,平均值分别为45.9%、8.53%、16.7%,其中SiO2、Al2O3代表了陆源碎屑组分,CaO代表了生物碎屑组分。陆架区具有较高的SiO2含量,陆坡区具有较高的Al2O3、CaO含量,但是,Al2O3的高含量在深水下陆坡区,而CaO的高含量在上陆坡岛礁区。总体上,常量元素Fe2O3、K2O、MgO、Na2O、TiO2与Al2O3具有相似的含量分布特征,指示细粒组分的吸附作用;而SiO2、CaO与Al2O3呈相反的分布特征以及负相关关系,反映了沉积物的常量元素受到石英矿物和碳酸盐矿物的稀释作用。大部分元素的富集因子介于1~2之间,富集特征不明显,表明碎屑物质主要为地壳来源,仅CaO、MnO出现较高的富集因子,指示陆坡区生物富集作用和深水陆坡区化学沉积作用的贡献。     

真鲷仔鱼早期阶段的摄食能力──发育反应和功能反应

于１９９５年４月￣１９９６年５月在中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所小麦岛苗种基地,采用梯度试验方法在不同褶皱臂尾轮虫饵料密度下２￣１２日龄真鲷仔鱼的摄食率和摄食强度,通过拟合发育反应和功能反应模型模型的数据来评价真鲷仔鱼早期阶段的摄食能力。结果表明,从仔鱼开口２日龄至１２日龄,摄食强度从０．３１６μｇ／ｈ提高到１．３７４μｇ／ｈ;摄食成功率从５９％提高到７０％,平均摄食发生率从０．４６９μ ｇ／ｈ     

Microbial Diversity in Nankai Trough Sediments at a Depth of 3,843 m

Dense populations of bivalves, primarily Calyptogena sp., were observed at cold seeps of the Nankai Trough. Bacterial input to the sediment was estimated through determination of phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) and DNA profiles. Results indicated a bacterial biomass of 10⁹ cells (g dry wt)^-1 while individual fatty acid profiles revealed a predominance of monounsaturated fatty acids, mainly 18:1 isomers. The presence of these fatty acids can be interpreted to reflect a response to low temperature and a predominance of psychrophilic bacteria. DNA fragments encoding bacterial ribosomal RNA small-subunit sequences (16S rDNA) were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction method using DNA extracted directly from the sediment samples. From the sequencing results, at least 19 kinds of bacterial 16S rDNAs related to mostly the Proteobacteria and a few gram-positive bacteria were identified. These results suggest that the bacterial community in the Nankai Trough sediments consists of mainly bacteria belonging to the Proteobacteria , , and subdivisions. Bacteria belonging to the and subdivisions, which are known to include epibiont and sulfate reducing bacteria, respectively, were mostly detected in the sediment obtained from inside the area of the Calyptogena community, and the -Proteobacteria may function to supply reduced sulfur to bacterial endosymbionts of Calyptogena.     

Phylogenetic diversity of planktonic bacteria in the Chukchi Borderland region in summer

Planktonic bacteria are abundant in the Chukchi Borderland region. However, little is known about their diversity and the roles of various bacteria in the ocean. Seawater samples were collected from two stations K2S and K4S where sea ice was melting obviously. The analysis of water samples with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that DMSP-degrading bacteria accounted for 13% of the total bacteria at the station K2S. No aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria were detected in both samples. The bacterial communities were characterized by two 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Sequences fell into four major lineages of the domain Bacteria, including Proteobacteria (Alpha, Beta and Gamma subclasses), Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. No significant difference was found between the two clone libraries. SAR11 and Rhodobacteraceae clades of Alphaproteobacteria and Pseudoalteromonas of Gammapro-teobacteria constituted three dominant fractions in the clone libraries. A total of 191 heterotrophic bacterial strains were isolated and 76% showed extracellular proteolytic activity. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the isolates fell into Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The most common genus in both the bacterial isolates and protease-producing bacteria was Pseudoalteromonas. UniFrac data showed suggestive differences in bacterial communities between the Chukchi Borderland and the northern Bering Sea.     

基于COI序列的翡翠股贻贝Perna viridis线粒体遗传特性分析及其近缘种间的系统关系探讨

应用通用引物 COIL 1490和 COIH 2198对翡翠股贻贝Perna viridis的性腺和体细胞线粒体DNA进行PCR扩增,获得661bp长度的COI基因片段,经过比对性腺与体细胞的COI片段,发现雄性性腺与体细胞COI基因均为一个单倍型,即体内只有一种线粒体DNA类型,没有发现双单性遗传现象,雌、雄性腺的COI基因片段变异率很低（0.31%）。应用PAUP构建了NJ树、MP树以及贝叶斯法构建了贝叶斯树,对股贻贝属3种间的系统关系进行了分析,结果表明,翡翠股贻贝P. viridis与P. canaliculus 和 P. perna 之间的分化与分歧年代的估算是相吻合的。