施用不同畜禽粪便土壤剖面中重金属分布特征

针对不同粪便集中施用情况, 选取禹城市3 个畜禽养殖区, 通过采集不同旱地农田土壤剖面样品, 研究典型重金属元素随粪便施用程度的变化、土壤剖面中重金属垂直分布特征以及施用不同畜禽粪便土壤剖面中重金属分布的差异。结果发现,长期施用畜禽粪便土壤剖面中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As的含量要高于未施用畜禽粪便的对照土壤剖面, 其中Cu、Zn 超过对照组较大;偶尔施用畜禽粪便土壤剖面Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As 的含量低于长期施用畜禽粪便土壤剖面, 且与未施用畜禽粪便的对照土壤剖面相差不大。牛粪集中施用区土壤剖面中Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni 等重金属存在较为明显的淋溶下移性, Hg、As两元素存在较为明显的表层或亚表层聚集现象;猪粪集中施用区土壤剖面各重金属除Cr、Ni 外, 都显示出较为明显的表层或亚表层聚集现象;鸡粪集中施用区的土壤剖面Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni 存在一定的淋溶下移性, 而Zn、Hg、As等3 种元素存在显著表层亚表层聚集现象。长期施用不同畜禽粪便的不同土壤剖面Cr、Ni、Cd、Pb 等含量变化差异明显, 而As、Hg差异性不显著;施牛粪与施鸡粪剖面中的Zn, 施猪粪与施鸡粪剖面中的Cu差异也不显著。     

江西某养殖场废水灌溉土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

Cu、Pb、Zn、As等作为饲料添加剂的普遍使用,使集约化养殖场废水中重金属含量较高,养殖场废水作为有机肥还田后可能引起土壤重金属的累积。为了解养殖场废水灌溉地土壤重金属污染特征及其健康风险,本文选择了江西抚州市某养殖场(养猪)废水(含粪便)灌溉地为研究对象,采集了11块地块样品,采用微波消解、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定了样品中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd及Pb共6种重金属含量,运用污染负荷指数(PLI)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和健康风险评价模型评价了土壤重金属污染程度、潜在生态风险和健康风险。结果表明: ①Cr、Cu、Zn及As平均含量分别为75.8、32.8、93.7及21.3mg/kg,明显高于其背景值;Cd平均含量为0.09mg/kg,接近于其背景值;Pb平均含量为15.2mg/kg,低于其背景值。②Cr出现轻度污染,Pb没有发生污染;大部分采样点出现As中度污染,Cu和Zn轻度污染;而绝大部分采样点没有发生Cd污染。6种重金属平均PLI为1.22,总体上属于轻度污染。③各重金属均呈低生态风险,平均RI为66.26,综合生态风险呈低生态风险。④研究区土壤重金属儿童和成人非致癌风险指数分别为0.06和0.12,致癌风险指数分别为1.65×10-5和3.67×10-5,均在可接受范围内。综上,研究区土壤重金属呈轻度污染,但大部分点位As存在中度污染需引起关注,后续还需加强对灌溉土壤重金属含量的监测。     

风电场风速规律分析及风电功率预报方法研究

利用陕西省某一风电场区域内的观测资料,分析了该风电场的风速规律,并引入最优训练期方案,研究利用线性回归方法建立风电功率预报模型的可行性。结果表明:该风电场区域,不同高度的风速及其高度间的风速差异均表现出最大值出现在夜间,最小值出现在白天,从低层到高层的风速日变化趋势一致的特征。一日中,风速与风电功率在09:00～17:00时段的相关系数明显小于其它时段。按照风速是否大于5 m·s-1将训练期观测样本分为2组,可以明显改善风速与风电功率的回归关系。以风机轮毂高度处的风速作为预报因子,并引入风电功率与风速之间相关系数的日变化规律、以及不同风速量级下风速与风电功率之间回归关系的差异性,采用最优训练期方案和一元线性回归方法建立的风电功率预报方程,具有预报误差小和最优训练期短的特点,满足实际业务需求。     

GIS技术在动物疫病防控中的应用

数字畜牧是动物卫生领域的重要发展趋势。本文着重讨论GIS技术在动物疫病防控中的应用,并以辽宁省畜禽分布定位及重大动物疫病防控调度指挥系统的建设为实例提出基于SuperMap GIS平台构建动物疫病防控系统的解决方案,从而为我国畜牧业信息化建设提供参考。     

Agency shifts in agricultural land governance and their implications for land degradation neutrality

Given current land degradation trends, Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN, SDG Target 15.3) by 2030 could be difficult to attain. Solutions to avoid, reduce, and reverse land degradation are not being implemented at sufficiently large scales, pointing to land governance as the main obstacle. In this paper, we review dynamics in agricultural land governance, and the potential this may have to enable land degradation or provide solutions towards LDN. The literature reveals agency shifts are taking place, where value chain actors are given increasing decision-making power in land governance. These agency shifts are manifested in two interrelated trends: First, through agricultural value chain coordination, such as contract farming, value chain actors increasingly influence land management decisions. Second, international large-scale land acquisitions and domestic larger-scale farms, both instances of intensified direct involvement of value chain with land management, are overtaking significant areas of land. These new arrangements are associated with agricultural expansion, and are additionally associated with unsustainable land management due to absent landowners, short-term interests, and high-intensity agriculture. However, we also find that value chain actors have both the tools and business cases to catalyze LDN solutions. We discuss how governments and other LDN brokers can motivate or push private actors to deploy private governance measures to avoid, reduce, and reverse land degradation. Successful implementation of LDN requires refocusing efforts to enable and, where necessary, constrain all actors with agency over land management, including value chain actors.     

智慧农场在线综合服务平台系统的研究与设计

结合农场发展实际情况,提出智慧农场在线综合服务平台建设指导思想、建设原则、核心建设内容及建设与运行模式,剖析其实际的功能与性能需求。针对智慧农场建设内容,综合旅游、农田、社区、微信平台等方面,提出能适应功能需求不断变化的智慧农场在线综合服务平台系统架构,为智慧农场建设提供新的思路,以期为智慧农场信息服务标准化建设提供指导。     

我国农业土地规模经营模式研究——基于西方资本主义雇佣型大农场的衰落及启示

随着城镇化的快速推进,我国农村人口不断减少,土地经营模式正发生着根本性变革。以提高农业土地经营效益为目的,采用文献统计和比较分析等研究方法,通过分析西方资本主义雇佣型大农场的衰落历程及原因,提出在我国当前人均耕地面积较少、就业压力较大的情况下,实施家庭承包经营、雇佣型大农场以及家庭农场并行的土地经营模式,最终实现家庭农场主导经营模式。研究结果表明:耕者有其田的家庭农场模式可以促进更多就业,避免马尔萨斯-李嘉图危机,有利于财富的公平分配和社会稳定。     

安顺市畜禽养殖碳排放时空差异研究

畜禽养殖是农业碳源之一。根据安顺市畜禽数量,估算2001—2015年安顺市畜禽碳排放量。从畜禽碳排放结构、碳排放变异系数、碳排放密度、碳排放经济强度4个方面对其进行分析。研究结果显示:(1)安顺市2001—2006年的畜禽碳排放量连续增长,由86.91万t增长到113.06万t,2007年下降到84.31万t;2007—2010年缓慢增长;2011—2013年相对平稳;2014—2015年又增长。(2)畜禽碳排放主要来自牛和猪,牛年均碳排放量为70.70万t。(3)安顺市2003—2007年各区县畜禽碳排放绝对差异呈现扩大趋势,2008—2014年差异性呈现减小趋势。(4)西秀区的畜禽碳排放密度最高,平坝县最低;镇宁县的畜禽碳排放经济强度最高;紫云县次之;关岭县最低。安顺市政府部门应该研制并推广畜禽养殖温室气体减排技术,降低畜禽养殖碳排放量。     

Evaluating the impact of an agricultural land‐use change adaptation strategy on household crop production in semi‐arid Ghana

In this study, the Land Use Dynamic Simulator model was applied to investigate the impact of farm credit as an adaptation strategy to cope with effects of climate variability on agricultural land‐use change and crop production in the Vea watershed in Ghana. The authors identified the determinants of crop choices within the landscape (e.g., farm household and biophysical characteristics of farm plot). The crop choice sub‐model was then linked to the crop yield sub‐model to determine the yields of selected crops. In adapting to the impacts of climate variability, the maize credit adoption sub‐model under the maize cultivation credit scenario was integrated into decision‐making. This was simulated for a 20‐year period, and compared with the business‐as‐usual scenario. Under the simulated maize credit scenario, maize adopters increased from about 20 per cent to about 50 per cent and the area allocated for maize cultivation significantly increased by about 266 per cent. Consequently, the average annual aggregated household crop yield increased by 6.3 per cent higher than in the business‐as‐usual scenario. This simulation study shows that access to maize credit can significantly influence agricultural land‐use change and food availability in the study area. However, although access to farm credit may translate into food availability, the sustainability of this strategy is questionable.