汀江流域畜禽粪便污染负荷及其环境影响

从汀江流域畜禽养殖业现状分析入手,依据排泄系数法原理,估算流域各县市的作物所需畜禽粪尿肥的最大量、畜禽污染物产生量和农田畜禽粪便负荷量,并对畜禽养殖影响水环境进行分析.从调查中分析中可知,流域集约化养殖场大多分布于中上游的长汀河、旧县河和汀江干流段,地理分布过于集中,局部地区环境风险较大.结果表明,畜禽粪便环境承载量较大的河流依次为:长汀河、濯田河、旧县河、黄潭河、汀江干流、永定河、桃溪河,整个流域的畜禽污染已对环境产生风险,尤其是长汀河、旧县河流域尤为突出.     

红三角地区农产品虚拟水的计算分析

农业是世界上最大的水资源利用部门,各种农产品中“寄存”了大量的水资源,蕴涵在产品生产和各种服务中的水资源就是产品或服务中的虚拟水.以红三角地区为例,分析了郴州市、韶关市、赣州市主要农产品的演变特征,计算了主要农产品的虚拟水含量及消费情况,在此基础上探讨了红三角地区农产品的战略性调整和水资源有效配置的政策意义.计算表明,不同区域生产同类型农产品所耗费的水资源不同,加上消费数量的差异,使居民人均农产品虚拟水消费也存在明显差异.红三角地区水资源富足的地区可通过农产品贸易方式更好地发挥区域水资源优势,主动开发和生产高效益的水资源密集型农产品;对局地水资源缺乏的山区,需要通过农产品生产的战略性调整,通过购入水资源密集型农产品,大力发展高效益的特色农业,实现生态-经济-水的良性循环.     

半干旱荒漠草原带沙化草地封禁治理效果研究

如何依靠大自然的力量充分发挥生态系统的自我修复能力加速水土流失的治理,是进入21世纪我国社会经济的发展对水土保持生态建设提出的新要求。围封禁牧是半干旱荒漠草原带生态修复的有效措施。宁夏盐池县花马池镇四墩子的治理模式为半干旱荒漠草原封禁治理提供了重要的经验。封禁当年的植被盖度达50%以上,禾本科牧草多度增加,地上生物量上升;而劣质毒害草多度减少,地上生物量下降。采用柠条林带作为生物围栏是沙化草地封禁治理的重要措施,既增加了草地的植被盖度,加强了防风固沙效益,又增加了草地的产草量。暖棚养殖能有效提高养羊效益,也是确保封禁治理成功的重要措施。     

Progress in the Research on the Impact of Wind Farms on Climate and Environment

Wind power has become one of the fastest growing renewable energy. With the large-scale deployment of wind farms in the world, people have started to pay attention to the impact of wind farms on the ecological environment and climate. This paper summarized the impact of wind farms on climate and ecological environment by investigating relevant literature: In the areas of wind farms, on the one hand, the set-up of wind turbines changes original aerodynamic roughness height and strengthens the dragging of the land surface against turbulence, directly affecting the turbulent motion of the boundary layer, resulting in the changes of intensity and pattern of material energy and water vapor exchange between land surface and near-surface atmosphere, further affecting the atmospheric circulation and climate. On the other hand, wind turbines convert the majority of the wind kinetic energy into electric energy, which produces the wake effect of the wind turbine. The budget patterns and spatial and temporal distribution of large-scale kinetic energy in the boundary layer are changed correspondingly, generating changes in various fluxes (heat flux, water vapor flux, etc.) in the atmosphere, which affect temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. Generally, the warming or cooling effect of wind farms on the near-surface is related to the stability of atmosphere. However, simulations in the global climate model showed that the average impact of wind farms on global climate is small, much smaller than the expected changes in greenhouse gas emissions and the interannual changes in natural climate.Wind power emits almost no carbon dioxide and pollutants. Compared with other traditional energy sources, it reduces water consumption but may generate some negative ecological impacts such as animal habitats, bird collisions, and noise, vision impact. However, some measures can be taken to mitigate these adverse effects.     

东北草原区产草量和载畜平衡的遥感估算

基于国内外相关研究进展,结合国家农业部草原遥感监测相关任务,依托大量的草原地面样方数据源,开展了东北草原区产草量和载畜平衡的遥感估算研究。主要结论有:(1)指数模型是进行草原区产草量遥感估算的优化模型,模型的估产精度达到80%以上;(2)2007年东北草原鲜产草量总计16916万吨,折合干草5094万吨;鲜重单产为4562kg/ha,折合成干重单产为1374kg/ha;(3)2007年东北草原区75%以上的牧区和半牧区县(旗)牲畜超载,牧区载畜平衡指标为32.23%,半牧区载畜平衡指标为48.51%。本文可为东北草原区的畜牧业发展规划提供科学依据。     

中国畜禽养殖的空间分析及分区研究(英文)

The capacity of livestock breeding in China has increased rapidly since 1949, and the total output of meat, poultry and eggs maintains the world’s top first in recent 20 years. Livestock emissions and pollution is closely associated with its population and spatial distribution. This paper aims to investigate the spatial patterns of livestock and poultry breeding in China. Using statistical yearbook and agricultural survey in 2007, the county-level populations of livestock and poultry are estimated as equivalent standardized pig index (ESP), per cultivated land pig index (PCLP) and per capita pig index (PCP). With the help of spatial data analysis (ESDA) tools in Geoda and ArcGIS software, especially the Moran’s I and LISA statistics, the nationwide global and local clustering trends of the three indicators are examined respectively. The Moran’s I and LISA analysis shows that ESP and PCP are significantly clustering both globally and locally. However, PCLP is clustering locally but not significant globally. Furthermore, the thematic map series (TMS) and related gravity centers curve (GCC) are introduced to explore the spatial patterns of livestock and poultry in China. The indicators are classified into 16 levels, and the GCCs for the three indicators from level 1 to 16 are discussed in detail. For districting purpose, each interval between gravity centers of near levels for all the three indicators is calculated, and the districting types of each indicator are obtained by merging adjacent levels. The districting analysis for the three indicators shows that there exists a potential uniform districting scheme for China’s livestock and poultry breeding. As a result, the China’s livestock and poultry breeding would be classified into eight types: extremely sparse region, sparse region, relatively sparse region, normally sparse region, normal region, relatively concentrated region, concentrated region and highly concentrated region. It is also found that there exists a clear demarcation line between the concentrated and the sparse regions. The line starts from the county boundary between Xin Barag Left Banner and Xin Barag Right Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the west coast of Dongfang County, Hainan Province.     

BOOK REVIEWS

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近20年来风电场（群）对气候的影响研究进展

随着风电场的大规模开发,其对气候的影响受到关注,自2000年以来美国和欧洲等国陆续开展了一定的研究,中国也开展了一些观测和模拟研究,对已有研究进行综述可指导这项工作的进一步开展。通过对文献的梳理,总结了风电场对气候影响的研究进程、研究方法、影响机理和研究成果。大量观测和数值模拟结果显示风电场会导致地表气温上升,风电场下游一定距离范围内风速衰减,并间接影响降水、蒸发等其他气象要素,风电场对局地气候变化产生影响的结论具有较高信度;部分模式模拟结果显示未来大规模风电场（群）开发对全球气候也有可能产生一定影响,但仍需进一步的探索。     

Comprehensive Evaluation of Farm Household Livelihood Assets in a Western Mountainous Area of China: A Case Study in Zunyi City

As the foundation of farm household structure, livelihood asset status is the basis for farmers to gain opportunities, adopt livelihood strategies, resist livelihood risk, and engage in positive livelihood achievements. Quantifying farm household assets identifies future development trends that are fundamentally necessary to predict farm household vulnerability and strategy, as well as understanding farmers’ current living situations. Using Zunyi City in China’s western mountainous area as a case study, we conducted stratified sampling and participatory rural investigation appraisal to collect data on the attributes of farm households’ livelihood assets and livelihood strategies to establish an index evaluation system and enable evaluation and analysis of farm households with different livelihood strategies. Our research indicates that due to structural differences, total livelihood assets of farm households with different livelihood strategies are similar. Rural households have an abundance of natural and material assets and deficiencies in human, financial and social assets. Non-rural households and part- time households are abundant in human, financial and social assets and deficient in natural and material assets.     

A Quantitative Assessment of Buffers among Temperature Variations, Livestock, and the Human Population of Iceland, 1784 to 1900

In this study two statistical techniques were used to assess buffers within the farm food chain in late preindustrial Iceland. Both methods arrived at similar quantitative assessments. The chain's tangible links were grass, livestock, and the human population, but it began with temperature, the primary determinant of grass yield and a proxy for grass yield in this study. The buffers were large in spite of the marginal nature of cattle, sheep, and horse farming in the subarctic climate, and the poverty of much of the population. One method of study involved comparison of livestock reductions and human population decrease in seven crises between 1784 and 1888, with attention to temperature data for crises after 1823, when continuous systematic meteorological observations began. The other method is time-series analysis using temperature observations, livestock counts which began in 1817, and several human demographic variables. The discussion focuses on likely buffers, notably alternative sources of winter fodder for livestock and of food for the human population.