风电场对草地植被生长影响分析——以内蒙古灰腾梁风电场为例

利用2000~2014年的MOD13Q1-NDVI数据,对内蒙古灰腾梁风电场及该电厂50 km缓冲区内的植被生长情况进行了分析。结合气象数据,重点探讨了风向对植被生长的影响。与2000~2008年风电场建设完成前植被生长相比,2008年后风电场运行对植被的生长产生了明显的影响,但影响范围和强度是不均匀的,结果表明：① 风电场运行对风电场区域内/外植被的影响机制是不同的,风电场区域内不利于植被的生长,而上/下风区域却有利于植被的生长;② 相对于风电场建成前,风电场建成后的2008 ~2014年缓冲区和风电场区域植被恢复比例分别上升了26.66%和13.14%,但上风区域却上升了51.83%,下风区域上升了41.07%。可见风电场上/下风区植被恢复比例,尤其是上风区植被的恢复比例要远高于其它区域;③ 距离风电场中心30~40 km的上风区很可能是受风电场影响最为明显的区域。     

农户层面农村宅基地流转研究进展与述评

农户层面研究对解析人地关系特别是农户与地理环境的相互作用所凸显的优越性与实践性收到学界的广泛推崇,成为当前学者研究农村发展与土地利用问题的重要手段。采用文献回顾法、归纳法,本文对国内外农户层面农村宅基地流转研究进行了归纳与对比分析。研究表明,国内外学者对宅基地流转的讨论对象与研究热点差异明显,研究方法与视角等也略有差异。国外学者对宅基地流转研究的关注度尚不多,已有成果主要集中在20世纪80 年代以前,研究多基于农户层面的问卷调查展开,偏重对流转过程中农户流转行为,流转区位选择,流转与逆城市化带来的影响展开;国内学者对宅基地流转的关注日益提升,研究内容涉及流转中农户权益保障的政策讨论,农户心理与行为响应分析,农户需求与收益分配研究,流转政策实施评价等方面,研究以经济地理学、行为经济学、社会学等理论为指导,以探求农户需求与保障农户权益为出发点展开讨论,大量运用调查数据展开实证讨论。今后研究应加强对流转过程中各个主体需求的讨论,并注重对农户生存与经济、社会与精神等需求层面关注,加强地理空间信息与社会经济环境相结合的研究,加强对农户模型与计量经济学方法的系统运用与校验。     

Barriers to movement: Modelling energetic costs of avoiding marine wind farms amongst breeding seabirds

Proposals for wind farms in areas of known importance for breeding seabirds highlight the need to understand the impacts of these structures. Using an energetic modelling approach, we examine the effects of wind farms as barriers to movement on seabirds of differing morphology. Additional costs, expressed in relation to typical daily energetic expenditures, were highest per unit flight for seabirds with high wing loadings, such as cormorants. Taking species-specific differences into account, costs were relatively higher in terns, due to the high daily frequency of foraging flights. For all species, costs of extra flight to avoid a wind farm appear much less than those imposed by low food abundance or adverse weather, although such costs will be additive to these. We conclude that adopting a species-specific approach is essential when assessing the impacts of wind farms on breeding seabird populations, to fully anticipate the effects of avoidance flights.     

八步沙林场防沙治沙区植被覆盖度时空演变分析

以古浪县八步沙林场防沙治沙区域及其周边乡镇为研究区,基于Landsat影像,利用植被覆盖度遥感估算方法提取了1991-2019年研究区的植被覆盖度数据,并对区域内植被覆盖度变化的总体趋势、时空演变特征、影响因素等进行了深入分析.结果 表明:①1991-2019年区域内植被覆盖度明显向好发展,极低植被覆盖度区域逐年减少,...     

Gendered Spaces of Informal Entrepreneurship in Soweto,South Africa

Abstract

The full diversity of economic activities in the informal economy is not well understood. The apartheid legacy of limiting informal entrepreneurship explains the most obvious geographical patterns in South Africa. After a decade and a half since the end of apartheid, however, knowledge about the places from which informal entrepreneurs operate is incomplete. Retailing is overemphasized and production firm entrepreneurs, both male and female, remain a neglected spatiality. This study reports on a survey of 100 firms in Soweto and in-depth interviews with 30 firm owners. The findings challenge the representations of isolated urban entrepreneurs dependent on inherited social capital and of women's exclusive engagement in retail. Entrepreneurs create their own social capital in work-related realms, but there are important gender differences. More finely tuned conceptualizations of entrepreneurs and of gendered working spaces need to be developed so that policy does not perpetuate unitary myths and incomplete spatial representations. [Key words: entrepreneurship, Soweto, informal economy, gender.]     

日本绿色乡村旅游发展综述及农业遗产地绿色乡村旅游模式的初步探讨（英文）

众多研究认为可持续旅游(Sustainable Tourism)可在平衡保护环境和开发农业遗产地双方利益方面起到关键作用。能登里山里海景观作为日本传统农村景观的一个缩影,在2011年被认定为"全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)"在日本最早的试点地之一。本文先通过分析文献总结了二十几年以来日本绿色乡村旅游发展的历史和现状,并结合农业文化遗产项目的发展目标讨论了在农业遗产地发展绿色乡村旅游的问题和新的机遇。本文以能登半岛一个由农民自发组织运营的农家民宿组织"春兰的故里"作为案例分析。主要的研究问题包括:如何充分利用国际项目来开发日本的绿色乡村旅游;如何在注重经济收入的同时兼顾生态农业的可持续开发?本文采用的研究方法包括文献的分析并多次采访了民宿主人。本研究成果亦提供在偏远地区发展绿色乡村旅游的思路。     

Estimating the uncertainty in simulating the impacts of small farm dams on streamflow regimes in South Africa

Abstract

Small dams represent an important local-scale resource designed to increase water supply reliability in many parts of the world where hydrological variability is high. There is evidence that the number of farm dams has increased substantially over the last few decades. These developments can have a substantial impact on downstream flow volumes and patterns, water use and ecological functioning. The study reports on the application of a hydrological modelling approach to investigate the uncertainty associated with simulating the impacts of farm dams in several South African catchments. The focus of the study is on sensitivity analysis and the limitations of the data that would be typically available for water resources assessments. The uncertainty mainly arises from the methods and information that are available to estimate the dam properties and the water use from the dams. The impacts are not only related to the number and size of dams, but also the extent to which they are used for water supply as well as the nature of the climate and the natural hydrological regimes. The biggest source of uncertainty in South Africa appears to be associated with a lack of reliable information on volumes and patterns of water abstraction from the dams.

Citation Hughes, D. A. & Mantel, S. K. (2010) Estimating the uncertainty in simulating the impacts of small farm dams on streamflow regimes in South Africa. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(4), 578–592.     

针铁矿和菱苦土强化养殖粪污厌氧发酵液中氮、磷固定的研究

对比研究了养殖粪污厌氧发酵体系中添加针铁矿和/或菱苦土对N、P固定的作用。实验过程中对溶液pH进行监控,厌氧发酵44 d后,对发酵液中氨氮和磷浓度进行了分析,对固体产物进行了XRD和SEM分析。结果表明：单独或同时添加针铁矿、菱苦土的厌氧发酵罐中,发酵液中N、P浓度均降低,其中N浓度降幅小于P,添加菱苦土厌氧发酵罐中P浓度降幅较大,达90%以上。单独添加针铁矿的厌氧发酵罐中,针铁矿发生还原分解,转化为铁白云石;添加菱苦土的厌氧发酵罐中,形成了大量鸟粪石。研究认为在养殖粪污厌氧发酵体系中,由于碱金属离子的影响,针铁矿和菱苦土对N的固定作用不明显;针铁矿对P的固定效果一般,菱苦土对P固定效果显著,固P产物鸟粪石可作为优质缓释肥使用。     

环境整治与农业经营矛盾中的农户行为和行政调控——基于日本佐渡岛农户调查

随着我国经济的高速发展,生态环境问题越来越突出。在推进国内区域研究的同时,从微观的角度,研究发达国家面临的促进持续发展和保护环境的实际问题对完善我国区域发展理论和施政思路意义重大。本研究基于2006～2008年在日本佐渡岛的实地调研和深度访谈,揭示了政府推进朱鹳野生环境治理的过程中,农户农业经营条件的恶化以及农户的意识...     

RESTORATION OF SHEEP TRANSHUMANCE IN THE EBRO VALLEY,ARAGON, SPAIN*

For centuries, sheep transhumance has connected the Spanish highlands with the lowlands, creating a livestock system with important social, economic, cultural, and landscape effects. About 5 million sheep were involved in transhumant movements in the mid‐1700s, but transhumance started to decay in the nineteenth century and almost disappeared in the 1970s and 1980s. In the 1980s, transhumant sheep did not number more than 25,000 in the study area; at present the number exceeds 134,000, with herders practicing both descending and ascending transhumance. In this article we provide information not only on current numbers of transhumant sheep but also on the origins and destinations of the flocks. We also confirm that the reputation of transhumance, once regarded as quaint and antiquated, has been enhanced by the ecosystem services it provides and by the cultural and heritage continuities it renders.