Apport de l'imagerie satellitaire radar pour l'exploration géologique en zones arides

The potential of radar imagery in geological exploration was investigated at a study site in Mauritania (Akjoujt region). Compared with optical images, the results obtained show how radar imagery can help not only in detecting surface geological structures such as dykes and veins, but also mapping subsurface structures beneath a shallow layer of sand (palaeochannels). The mapping potential was found to be much better at long wavelengths than at short ones (L-band, compared with C- and X-band). As for optical images, their contribution is much more limited in the mapping of surface geological structures, and inappropriate for detecting subsurface structures. We conclude that spatial remote sensing enables the improvement of existing geological maps and the optimization of cartographic surveying. To cite this article: N. Baghdadi et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

临南油田夏32断块沙二段下部储层特征及其主控因素

通过岩芯和薄片观察,结合测井资料,对临南油田夏32断块沙二段下部储层发育特征及其主控因素进行了研究。结果表明：该区储层的岩石类型主要为岩屑质长石砂岩和长石质岩屑砂岩,颗粒分选中等,磨圆较差,成分成熟度及结构成熟度中等;储层物性表现为中低孔特低—低渗的特征,且孔隙度和渗透率相关性较好;孔隙类型包括原生粒间孔、粒内溶孔、粒间溶孔和铸模孔。综合储层特征的研究结果认为：夏32断块沙二段下部储层主要受基准面旋回、沉积、成岩以及构造作用的影响;三角洲平原的分支河道砂体物性最好,其次是三角洲前缘的水下分支河道,其他沉积微相储层物性较差;压实作用和胶结作用破坏储层物性,溶蚀作用则可改善储层物性;此外,构造作用所产生的裂隙也有利于改善储层物性,对储层物性起到了积极的建设作用。     

Fossil nothofagaceous leaves from the Eocene of western Antarctica and their bearing on the origin, dispersal and systematics of Nothofagus

Fossil leaves resembling Nothofagaceae have been investigated from the Eocene of western Antarctica and a new form genus Nothofagofolia is proposed for these kinds of fossils. Some new specimens belonging to this form genus are described. They were collected from the Fossil Hill locality of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands, western Antarctica. Two new species, two new combinations and an unnamed species are reported. A number of published Nothofagus leaf fossils from the same locality are discussed and revised. As a result of these studies of Nothofagus leaf morphology, we conclude that (1) Nothofagus probably originated in high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere during the middle-late Late Cretaceous and diversified, dispersed gradually to the lower latitudes of the same hemisphere; (2) leaf morphological characters are significant for the systematics of the family Nothofagaceae, especially at the intrageneric level; and (3) extant species of Nothofagus known from southern temperate areas have more primitive leaf morphological characters and lower leaf ranks than those from tropical mountains as well as those of the Fagaceae and Betulaceae. Supported by the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology & Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaoentology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 013106), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30670159) and the Fund of Innovation Program by Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences     

Three new species of Batrachospermum Roth (Batrachosper-maceae,Rhodophyta) in China

1 INTRODUCTION The first published records of genus Batra-chospermum Roth in China are from Jao (1941), when eleven taxa were reported. Since then, Shi, Hu and Kumano (1993), Shi (1994a, 1994b), Hua and Shi (1996), Xie et al. (1999, 2003), Xie and Shi (2003) have described in more detail the species from China. To date, 23 taxa of Batrachospermum Roth in China have been reported, of which, B. yunnanense, B. nothocladoideum and B. transito-rium are new species of this genus, and are…     

鳞毛蕨天山云杉林林冠空隙特征

林冠干扰作为鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott)天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana Fisch. etMey.)林动态自维持的重要因素,在整个林分的动态发展过程中发挥着重要作用。通过对西天山国家级自然保护区内1 hm2典型的鳞毛蕨天山云杉纯林中林冠空隙特征及其形成木和边界木结构的研究,结果表明:在西天山国家级自然保护区实验区46林班内的1 hm2临时标准地中,共调查到17个林冠空隙,林冠空隙干扰返回间隔期为763年。扩展空隙面积在20~280 m2之间变化,冠空隙面积在0~180 m2之间变动。大多数林冠空隙形状变异较大,不同程度地偏离圆形,且均在20~100年之间形成,拥有多株形成木,边界木多由近熟木和成熟木组成。     

Hybrids between olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and stone flounder Kareius bicoloratus: karyotype, allozyme and RAPD analyses

The hybrid between olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and stone flounder Kareius bicoloratus was produced by artificial insemination of olive flounder eggs with stone flounder Sperm. Sinistral and dextral are two types of hybrid progeny after metamorphosis. Karyotypes of both hybrid flounders are the same as those of the two parental species. Of the 22 loci examined from 12 allozymes,12 confirmed hybridization of the paternal and matemal loci in hybrids and no difference was found in allozyme patterns of sinistral and dextral hybrid fishes. RAPD patterns of these specimens were also studied with 38 primers selected from 104 tested. Among them, the PCR products of 30 primers showed hybridization of the paternal and maternal bands. Genetic variation between hybrids and their parental stocks was analyzed by RAPD using 10 of the above 38 primers. The average heterozygosity and genetic distance were calculated. The results suggested that the filial generation could inherit a little more genetic materials from paternal fish than that from maternal fish.     

Record Arctic Ozone Loss in Spring 2020 is Likely Caused by North Pacific Warm Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

Record ozone loss was observed in the Arctic stratosphere in spring 2020. This study aims to determine what caused the extreme Arctic ozone loss. Observations and simulation results are examined in order to show that the extreme Arctic ozone loss was likely caused by record-high sea surface temperatures(SSTs) in the North Pacific. It is found that the record Arctic ozone loss was associated with the extremely cold and persistent stratospheric polar vortex over February–April, and the extremely cold vortex was a result of anomalously weak planetary wave activity. Further analysis reveals that the weak wave activity can be traced to anomalously warm SSTs in the North Pacific. Both observations and simulations show that warm SST anomalies in the North Pacific could have caused the weakening of wavenumber-1 wave activity, colder Arctic vortex, and lower Arctic ozone. These results suggest that for the present-day level of ozone-depleting substances, severe Arctic ozone loss could form again, as long as certain dynamic conditions are satisfied.     

张其昀的地理思想和学术成就

张其昀(1901—1985)是我国近代地理学的创建者之一。他在地理教育以及人文地理学的广泛领域卓有建树。本文阐述他的学术成就,并探讨他的地理思想。     

张其昀先生的区域地理学思想与成就

张其昀是中国近代科学地理学的创建者之一,为中国近代的地理学教育、人文地理学、政治地理学、历史地理学、区域地理学等的发展做出了卓越贡献.在区域地理学方面,他较早地将西方近代区域地理学作品介绍到国内,将"Regional Geography"翻译为"方志学",引入并阐释了西方区域地理学的概念、研究内容、研究方法等,并积极地...     

古代刘家港崛起与衰落的探讨*

明代早期建都南京,当时贴木儿帝国崛起于中亚,一度阻断了丝绸之路,北方大运河严重淤积,明王朝只能采用海运与通过海上丝绸之路开展海内外贸易。长江河口成为南京的通海捷径,刘家港位于娄江(刘洒)与长江河口交汇处,太湖平原的东北部。娄江在宋代以前严重淤积,经元代至明初的治理,特别是明初"掣淞入刘"的整治工程后,娄江河道水深河阔,全江畅通,成为长江河口地区兴建大型海港的最佳的港址。娄江又能同富饶的太湖平原相沟通,使其成为刘家港的经济腹地。以上原因使刘家港在明初崛起,成为"海运千艘所聚"的大海港与郑和下西洋的出海始发港。明王朝迁都北京后开展大运河的治理,减少对海运的依赖,郑和下西洋终止与倭寇骚扰,均促使海运衰退。长江河口南岸严重崩塌,使刘家港崩塌入海。娄江严重淤积。以上原因导致刘家港衰落。