Adsorption Kinetic Modeling of Safranin onto Rice Husk Biomatrix Using Pseudo‐first‐ and Pseudo‐second‐order Kinetic Models: Comparison of Linear and Non‐linear Methods

Batch kinetic studies were carried out for the removal of safranin from aqueous solution using a biomatrix prepared from rice husk. The adsorption kinetic data were modeled using the pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equations. The linear and non‐linear forms of these two widely used kinetic models were compared in this study. In order to determine the best‐fitting equation, the coefficient of determination (r²), the sum of the squares of the errors (SSE), sum of the absolute errors (SAE), average relative error (ARE), hybrid fractional error function (HYBRID), Marquardt's percent standard deviation (MPSD), and the Chi‐squared test (χ²) were used as error analysis methods. Results showed that the non‐linear forms of pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order models were more suitable than the linear forms for fitting the experimental data. Non‐linear method is thus more appropriate for estimating the kinetic parameters and should primarily be used to describe adsorption kinetics.     

Modeling and Validating Long‐Term Dynamics of Diel Dissolved Oxygen with Particular Reference to pH in a Temperate Shallow Lake (Turkey)

Long‐term monitoring of changes in dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH is of great importance to quantifying aquatic ecosystem metabolism, particularly for lakes under the changing global environment. During 173 days, diel DO cycles were measured in situ along with the main driving variables of pH, wind speed (WS), and net solar radiation (Rn) in a temperate shallow lake. Best‐fit multiple non‐linear regression (MNLR) models of diel DO time series were built and validated on a monthly basis, with R² values ranging from 42.4% in September to 95.4% in November for validation. The strong relationship between diel DO and pH (r = 0.6) appeared to be related to the patterns of ecosystem productivity and respiration, and sensitivity of decomposing bacteria to changes in pH. pH‐driven lake metabolism appears to have significant implications for diel and seasonal lake metabolism in a changing global environment.     

Novel theoretical insights into geomorphic process–environment relationships using simulated response curves

Robust models of geomorphic process–environment relationships are important to advance theoretical knowledge of geomorphic systems. Here, we examined a generalized additive modeling (GAM) based approach to provide new theoretical insights into process–environment relationships. More precisely, we (i) simulated the shapes of the relationships between geomorphic processes and environmental variables based on GAM and (ii) compared the shapes of the simulated response curves to (a) the hypothetical curves based on theory and (b) the response curves produced by generalized linear modeling (GLM). Hitherto, GLM was the most common technique to study the relationships between environmental gradients and geomorphic processes. The study is based on empirical cryoturbation and solifluction data and environmental variables from subarctic Finland. Our results showed that non‐linear relationships were more common than linear responses and the simulated GAM based response curves coincided more closely with the hypothetical response curves than did the response curves derived from GLM. The simulated response curves showed high potential in geomorphic hypothesis testing. In conclusion, our findings indicate that careful examination of the response curves may provide new insights into theoretical debates in the earth sciences. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

含水层对地下水热泵承载力数值评价及其实用化:以北京平原区为例

针对北京平原区的水文地质条件,运用地下热传递数值法评价了年内地下热量均衡、失衡两种状态下,各水文地质亚区单位面积含水层对地下水热泵的承载力,并利用多元线性回归方法阐明了承载力、抽灌井间距与含水层各参数之间的关系。研究表明:承载力仅与含水层厚度显著正相关,而抽灌井间距与含水层的渗透系数和厚度均显著正相关。研究结果为类似地区的地下水热泵定量规划提供了简捷的估算方法及参考依据。     

基于光谱知识库对高光谱影像目标快速识别方法

针对国内引进的机载高光谱成像仪（CASI/SASI）数据采集系统,介绍了利用先验知识建立的多种地物目标光谱库,以及高光谱影像目标快速识别的技术方法研究;同时还阐述了其数据处理流程、目标识别原理和应用开源代码编程实现过程,并对其结果与应用进行了简要的分析。     

Comparison of Two Sample Preparation Methods for X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry in the Determination of Ni and Cr

Pressed powder pellets and fused beads or glass disks are routinely used in X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of major and trace elements, respectively, in geological materials. In order to evaluate the performance of these two sample preparation methods, we determined Ni and Cr concentrations of fourteen RMs from Japan, France and South Africa, and eighty‐five igneous and three sedimentary rock samples from Mexico in both powder pellets and glass beads. We also computed new values of statistical parameters for RMs from an outlier‐based multiple‐test method and compared them with the literature mean and confidence limit values. The results showed that the multiple‐test method provided more reliable central tendency and dispersion parameters for RMs than those obtained previously from the two or three standard deviation method, or from robust methods. The powder pellet and fused bead sample preparation methods provided consistent results for Ni and Cr at concentration levels > 50 μg g^?1 in this application; for lower concentration levels, however, these methods showed somewhat greater differences. For quantitative comparisons, both ordinary and weighted least‐squares linear regression models were used to show that the two sample preparation methods provided generally unbiased results.     

Sea Surface Temperature Extremes of Different Intensity in the China Seas During the Global Warming Acceleration and Hiatus Periods

Based on the daily OISST V2 with 0.25o horizontal resolutions, we study the variations of sea surface temperature (SST) extremes in the China Seas for different segments of the period 1982-2013. The two segments include the warming acceleration period from 1982 to 1997 and hiatus period from 1998 to 2013 when the global surface mean temperature (GSMT) was not significantly warming as expected during the past decades, or even cooling in some areas. First, we construct the regional average time series over the entire China Seas (15o–45oN, 105o–130oE) for these SST extremes. During the hiatus period, the regionally averaged 10th, 1th and 0.1th percentile of SSTs in each year decreased significantly by 0.40°C, 0.56°C and 0.58°C per decade, respectively. The regionally averaged 90th, 99th and 99.9th percentile of SSTs in each year decreased slightly or insignificantly. Our work confirmed that the regional hiatus was primarily reflected by wintertime cold extremes. Spatially, the trends of cold extremes in different intensity were non-uniformly distributed. Cold extremes in the near-shore areas are much more sensitivity to the global warming hiatus. Hot extremes trends exhibited non-significant tendency in the China Seas during the hiatus period. In word, the variations of the SST extremes in the two periods were non-uniform spatially and asymmetric seasonally. It is unexpected that the hot and cold extremes of each year in 1998–2013 were still higher than those extremes in 1982–1997. It is obvious that relative to the warming acceleration period, hot extremes are far more likely to occur in the recent hiatus as a result of a 0.3°C warmer shift in the mean temperature distribution. Moreover, hot extremes in the China Seas will be sustained or amplified with the end of warming hiatus and the continuous anthropogenic warming.     

1965—2017年东江中上游流域气温变化特征分析

利用东江中上游江流域8个气象站1965—2017年逐日气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、小波分析和Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法分析了东江中上游流域气温的变化特征。结果表明：1965—2017年东江中上游流域年平均气温以0.17 ℃/(10 a)速率显著上升;秋季平均气温上升最显著,冬季、夏季次之,春季不显著;年高温日数以3 526 d/(10 a)的速率显著增多。年与季平均气温和年高温日数均存在突变,各气象站年与季平均气温均大致呈自南向北依次递减分布。上游的高温日数略多于中游。各气象站年平均气温上升趋势均显著,春、夏季均以连平为中心上升幅度最大,秋季为上升趋势最明显的季节,冬季以连平为中心上升趋势最显著。各气象站年高温日数增多趋势均显著,增幅最大为连平,最小为龙川。年平均气温存在4、8—9、13—14、18—19 a的周期变化,高温日数存在2、6、10—11、25—26 a的周期变化。     

Extragalactic sources with asymmetric radio structure II. further observations of the quasar B2 1320 + 299

We present VLA A-array observations at λ20, 6 and 2 cm and B-array observations at λ20 and 6 cm of the quasar B2 1320 + 299, which has a very unusual radio structure. In addition to a component, A, coincident with the quasar, there are two lobes of radio emission, B and C, on the same side of A. These are located at distances of -25 and 50 arcsec respectively from A. The present observations show that A has a flat-spectrum component coincident with the quasar and a weak outer component at a distance of-4 arcsec along PA - 100°. The morphology of B resembles a head-tail type of structure with its tail towards the north-east. The magnetic field lines in component B appear to follow the bend in the tail. Component C exhibits some extension towards the north-west. We discuss the possible nature of B2 1320 + 299 and suggest that while A appears to be an independent source, the relation between B and C, if they are associated at all, is unclear. Deep optical observations are essential to help clarify the situation.     

J2EE 设计模式的研究与应用

讨论了DAO、工厂方法、抽象工厂和值对象等几个J2EE模式的用途及特点,然后介绍了学生及课程信息管理系统的设计与实现,并根据系统设计框架和类图说明了这些模式在具体实现过程中的作用,最后总结了该设计优越性及不足之处.