基于BERT—BiLSTM—CRF模型的中文岩石描述文本命名实体与关系联合提取

地质调查正在从“数字化”走向“智能化”,需要在大数据思维的指导下,面向非结构化数据开展机器阅读和地质知识的自动提取。地学命名实体和关系联合提取是当前研究的难点和核心。本文采用基于大规模预训练中文语言模型的BERT—BiLSTM—CRF方法开展岩石描述文本命名实体与关系联合提取。首先,通过收集数字地质填图工作中的剖面测量和路线地质观测数据,建立岩石描述语料;然后,在岩石学理论指导下分析岩石知识组成,完成岩石知识图谱命名实体与关系的模式设计,标注岩石语料;最后,开展岩石描述语料知识提取的深度学习训练和消融试验对比。试验结果显示,大规模预训练中文语言模型（BERT）对岩石描述语料知识提取具有较高的适用性。推荐的BERT—BiLSTM—CRF模型方法对岩石命名实体与关系联合提取的准确率（F1值）为91.75%,对岩石命名实体识别的准确率（F1值）为97.38%。消融试验证明基于BERT的词嵌入层对岩石描述知识提取的性能提升影响显著,双向长短时记忆网络模型层（BiLSTM Layer）能提升实体关系联合提取性能。     

新疆地名音转溯源规律研究

为了解决新疆地名音转溯源规律问题历来是新疆史地和地名研究难点的困境,该文试图对新疆地名的汉译对音探索总结出一条清晰的脉络和对应规律,指出新疆地名的读音和汉字译写的不同,是因历史上不同时期民族及其语言的变迁和不同语言间的音转互译造成的;《大唐西域记》中所记的地名并非译自当地新疆的民族语言,对玄奘所说的"讹也"不可盲从;论述了古汉语的阳声字和入声字在新疆地名中的保留等,以及在新疆地名中保留的古音和方音。文章认为新疆地名研究大有可为。     

A framework for teaching the timeless way of mapmaking

There are now many opportunities to learn how to make maps through technical training with mapmaking tools, including geographic information systems and web-based mapping services. In cartographic education, two challenges with teaching through practice stem from the disruptive nature of mapmaking tools and the tradition of teaching cartographic principles by rule or convention. This article outlines a framework for a pattern language to organize and share practical information about principles for making maps. The article provides an example pattern for mapmaking and discusses how this framework addresses recurring problems with teaching through practice.     

南方CASS内、外业一体化成图作业方法的完善

南方测绘仪器公司的CASS数字化地形地藉成图软件是基于AutoCAD平台技术的GIS前端数据处理系统,广泛应用于地形成图、地藉成图、工程测量应用、空间数据建库和市政监管等领域。本文把CASS中的“编码引导”与“简码识别”测量方法相结合,进一步完善了CASS外业作业程序,提高了内、外业作业的效率。     

The Importance of Geography in Education II

Abstract

The concept of scale is fundamental to geography, yet the definitions for “scale” and related spatial terms can be confusing to those working in other spatial science disciplines. This is particularly true in the emerging multidisciplinary world of integrated remote sensing and geographic information systems, or IGIS's, where data of different types and at various spatial and temporal scales are combined to support complex space-time data analyses. Without a basic lexicon of accepted scale terms, working within an IGIS can breed confusion in the interpretation of data and the models that result from an IGIS construct. This paper provides some terminologies of scale that can be used as a framework for a multidisciplinary lexicon of accepted scaling terms and describes their relationships to an IGIS. It also illustrates how scaling terms can be potentially misunder stood when applied to geographic techniques that are used in disciplines related to geography.     

基于WebGIS的汶川地震次生地质灾害信息管理系统

汶川地震次生地质灾害数量多、分布广且类型复杂,严重威胁灾区人民的生命财产安全。为了分析次生地质灾害发育分布规律,并用于减灾防灾,急需一种有效的方法来对现场调查获取的大量地质灾害数据进行管理。以信息建模理论为指导,运用统一建模语言UML,并结合GIS空间数据模型分析,以建立面向对象的空间数据模型,及实现海量地灾信息综合管理为目的,研发了汶川地震次生地质灾害信息综合管理系统(WIMS)。利用GIS的强大空间图形管理能力、数据库技术以及网络开发等技术,以发布图形服务与数据服务的方式实现地质灾害数据共享,解决了空间数据编辑及提升地图访问速度的关键技术问题。该系统不仅能够为灾害管理部门制定防治方案提供一定的参考依据,并且能够为广大群众提供一个认识地质灾害的公共平台,提高全民防灾意识。     

论电视气象节目语言特征

气象预报,作为具有高社会应用价值的高时效性信息,在中国经济高速增长的时代,其信息内涵越来越丰富,传播载体越来越多元.气象预报,政府越来越关心,百姓越来越关注.而电视作为主导性媒介,各公共频道每天高密度播出气象预报和气象相关新闻,气象信息呈现出前所未有的高曝光度.电视气象节目往往都是所在频道中收视率最高的日播节目.但是在泛媒体时代,随着信息的分众化和多元媒介的分流效应,电视气象节目也面临着前所未有的挑战.自我反思和探究电视气象节目传播的信息指向性,优化特定媒介的传播效能,提高节目与观众的契合度,便成为电视气象节目实践中必须直面的课题.作者从媒介及其传播特性、受众特征、监测和预测能力发展和语言通义四个方面分析了电视气象节目的语言特征,只有贴近并契合这四个方面,才能更好地提高电视气象节目的传播效能并更好地满足社会需求.     

ENGLISH AS INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE IN GEOGRAPHY: DEVELOPMENT AND LIMITATIONS

ABSTRACT. The rise and spread of English as a language of international communication is discussed through an analysis of two bodies of data: languages used in twenty‐nine International Geographical Congresses (1871–2000); and utilization of supplementary abstracts or text in international languages in geographical periodicals and serials, from initial use of English in 1882 to widespread use of it in 2002. Five stages in the use of English are recognized: 1) no use of English; 2) provision of abstracts in English; 3) occasional inclusion of articles in English; 4) publication of special issues in English, particularly for international meetings; and 5) a shift to English as the basic language of the text. English provides a window into the geographical literature; but it is only a window, not the full panorama of the richly diverse geographical literature in the six main languages that have been used in International Geographical Congresses and in the fifty‐five languages that have been used in geographical serials.     

野外地磁测量的记录软件

就流动地磁观测如何应用 PC—1500计算机代替手工记簿-实现记录方式的“变革”,提出一种新的记录软件。该软件的全部源程序均采用 BASIC 语言编写,其主要功能包括:①记录野外地磁观测数据,计算各种均值、桩位差、仪器差,并判断是否符合地磁规范要求。②数据的打印与存储。     

Mythos and techne: An essay on the intercultural function of territory in sub-Saharan geography

Territorial symbolism in sub-Saharan Africa calls to mind multiple forms of knowledge. More particularly, territorial significance is fed both by magical and sacred beliefs and by knowledge based on empirical observation and concrete practices. These two types of knowledge differ widely as to their nature, the procedures by which they are formed, and the cultural values they embody. Nevertheless, semantic interaction between mythical knowledge and technical knowledge is remarkably rich. By blurring the distinction between mythos and techne, this semantic interaction seems to constitute an important cultural tool for building feelings of social security in that it reinforces and stabilizes socio-geographic patterns, and more especially those which regulate access to space and natural resources. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.