城市庭院小气候特征季节变化初探

通过对低纬城市－－昆明城市庭院内的草地、屋顶和道路的气象观测资料的比较分析，研究了庭院内不同下垫面的小气候变化规律和差异特征。昆明地区不同下垫面气象要素均具有与大气候相近的变化趋势，平均最高气温最大值出现在干季后期；气温日较差干季大，雨季小。相对湿度雨季大，变化小；干季小，变化大。风速以干季较大；雨季数值小，变化也小等年变化特征。比较不同下垫面的气象要素值得出，由于受下垫面和测点附近环境影响，与草地相比，屋顶和道路的最高气温高，最低气温低，气温日较差较大，相对湿度低，风速大，其差异表现为干季大、雨季小。     

二维能量平衡模式对若干气候问题的研究

Based on a two-dimensional energy balance model, the studies on some climatic issues such as the re- lationship between ice cap latitude and solar constant, desertifieation, and the warming effect of carbon dioxide, have been reviewed and discussed. The phenomenon that a fixed solar constant might correspond to different equilibrium ice cap latitudes is determined by the continuity of albedo distribution. The disconti- nuity in albedo distribution increases the number of equilibrium ice cap latitudes. Desert would expand both northward and southward when desert surface albedo is increasing. This would deteriorate the ecological environment in border regions, and then threaten the existence of local inhabitants. Melting of the polar ice would not be accelerated, with increasing carbon dioxide concentration. The ice cap latitude would move northward slowly, with some “hiatus” periods, under the slowly increasing global average surface tempera- ture. According to the current research, future development of the two-dimensional energy balance model and possible progress are also forecasted.     

北太平洋副热带西部模态水异常与东亚中高纬度大气环流关系的一些新认识

根据1958-2001年SODA(Si mple Ocean Data Assi milation)海洋同化资料和NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,利用等密度面P-矢量计算法,分析探讨了北太平洋副热带西部模态水(简称STMW)季节演变和年际变化与前期东亚-北太平洋中高纬度大气环流异常的关系。分析指出:(1)STMW的体积具有显著的季节变化特征:4月体积最大、强度最强,夏秋逐渐减弱,12月体积最小、强度最弱。研究进一步指出,STMW体积的季节变化与西北太平洋中纬度地区的海表风应力及净热通量的季节演变过程紧密联系在一起,它在一定程度上反映了西北太平洋中纬度大气环流季节性演变的特征。(2)年际尺度上,5-7月STMW指数具有显著的3年左右的振荡周期,其年际变化不仅与海洋自身动力过程有关,还与前冬亚洲-太平洋中高纬度大气环流异常引起STMW形成区风应力动力混合及海表净热通量等因子异常有关:冬季东亚季风环流偏强(弱),STMW形成区洋面风应力的动力混合作用及海表热力蒸发加强(减弱),使得海洋对流混合加强(减弱),进而加强(抑制)了混合均匀的低位涡水体进入温跃层,随着季节演变,造成5-7月STMW强度加强(减弱)。5-7月S...     

THE IMPACT OF MID-LATITUDE CIRCULATION OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE TRACK OF TYPHOON OVER THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC*

There is a close relationship between variation of middle latitude synoptic system over the Tibetan Plateau and movement of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific.This paper tries to discuss the mechanism of it through the numerical simulation and dynamic diagnosis.25-year statistical results during the period from 1970 to 1995 indicate that the relationship between middle latitude circulation over the Plateau and the track of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific are as follows.When longwave trough in 500 hPa isobaric surface over the Plateau.it is favourable to typhoon's westward movement:on the contrary,large scale anticyclone over the Plateau is favourable to typhoon's recurvature.We simulated the typhoon under these two flow patterns with MM5 model.Numerical simulation results showed that:(a)Longwave trough on 500 hPa surface over the Plateau makes subtropical high extended westward so as to typhoon south to high moves westward in easterly steering flow.(b)Anticyclone over the Plateau will bring about the longwave trough developing along the east coast of Asia,it'will usually cause typhoon recurring in front of the developed trough.In addition,the results of dynamic diagnosis show the physical mechanism on impact of synoptic system over the Plateau on the downstream synoptic system,that is,the transport of disturbance kinetic energy over the upstream Plateau makes the downstream trough developed.And then it affects the steering flow of typhoon.Because of existence of the high ridge over the Plateau.the energy transport channel moves to north.On the contrary,the trough exists over the Plateau,the energy transport channel moves to south.The southerly in front of trough over the Plateau and the southerly in the east part of typhoon transport low potential vorticity of low latitude into subtropical high.That is beneficial to development of subtropical high and affects typhoon's movement.These results fully reflect the impact of interaction between mid-latitude and low latitude on synoptic system.     

中高纬大气30—60天低频振荡的一种动力学机制

本文着重考虑非均匀基本流的正压局地不稳定性，研究中高纬低频振荡产生的动力机制。基本流是取1980年冬、夏300 hPa的位势场。结果表明正压局地不稳定性能较好地解释中高纬大气30—60 d天振荡。这似乎表明，低频振荡是大尺度大气运动和扰动相互作用的一种固有特征，而不是外源强迫的结果。本文还讨论了适于激发季节内低频振荡的基本流场。初值问题的研究发现中高纬大气30—60 d振荡呈纬向三波模态发展，与初始扰动和基本气流的冬、夏差别无关。     

1994年南海夏季风爆发的数值模拟和分析研究

1994年南海夏季风建立于5月第一候,利用MM5成功地模拟了这一过程,并通过敏感性试验,讨论了中纬度系统和中南半岛及其附近地区的积云对流对夏季风环流建立的影响,结果表明:(1)南下接近副热带一定强度的中纬度槽-锋系统的强迫,可引起南海地区副热带高压脊的减弱东撤,因而有利于南海夏季风的建立;(2)东移的中纬度高压脊与南亚高压的同相叠加是触发夏季风建立的重要因子之一,它引起南亚高压中心迅速北移至中南半岛的北部;(3)中南半岛及其附近地区的积云对流加热,对南海地区夏季风环流的建立也有重要的影响.     

低纬高原地区一次中尺度对流复合体个例研究

利用地球静止气象卫星(GMS)资料和有限区域暴雨预报模式(HLAFS)分析场,对1999年6月6日低纬高原地区发生的一次中尺度对流复合体(MCC)进行了分析.研究结果表明,MCC发生在副热带高压与滇缅高压之间辐合区中;受两高之间辐合区及云贵高原地形的影响,MCC位于500hPa一个明显的中尺度辐合线上,垂直速度中心强度比其他地区的MCC约大1倍,无辐散层位于400～500hPa之间,北侧准静止锋锋区很强.     

高空急流与中纬度系统影响下台风暴雨的研究现状

我国暴雨天气中，台风是最强的Bao雨天气系统，当台风外围系统与西风槽相互作用时往往发生暴雨突然增幅现象，造成了严重灾害，以往大量的研究表明；台风和中纬度系统相互作用引起的远离台风的北段暴雨大多发生在西南风高空急流区的右后方，高空急流有明显的非纬向特征，而且暴雨增幅与高空急流的非纬向增强有关，对有关高空急流与中纬度系统影响下台风暴雨的研究进行了综述，并且对进一步深入研究提出了建议。     

江淮流域梅雨锋暴雨南北雨带干冷空气侵入作用的对比研究

对2007—2011年梅雨期江淮流域降水进行统计分析,确认此时段降水频次与降水量空间分布在淮河与长江中下游,形成两个分离的多降雨区。长江与淮河两分离雨带在盛行中尺度系统、空间结构、梅雨锋位置、水汽输送通道、暴雨落区、干冷气团入侵以及干冷动量南移等方面,均有各自特征。在主导高空环流下,更多低涡暴雨(77%)位于长江流域,更多辐合线暴雨(86%)发生在淮河流域,这些盛行的浅薄降水系统,造成梅雨暴雨雨强大、风速小的特征。长江流域低涡环流引导水汽输送来自南海与东海两地,因而暴雨范围更大,雨带更宽,而淮河流域辐合线主要水汽来源仅为南海。假相当位温表现的梅雨锋作为干冷空气的前缘,在淮河流域因辐合线结构垂直剖面陡峭,在长江流域因低涡环流,形成干冷和暖湿气团的层次叠加混合。在梅雨锋北侧,干冷空气从对流层中高层向下侵入,在淮河流域位置较长江流域偏高且狭窄。湿位涡垂直分布显示,暴雨区与湿位涡斜压项大于0的正涡度发展区对应。干冷动量中心的下传与湿位涡斜压项小于0对应,下传时向南移,其前缘对暴雨雨带位置有指示性;其南下速度,因纬度与密度差异,在淮河流域移速小于长江流域。     

Vertical Distribution of Stratospheric Ozone over China

Based on the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II and the Halogen Occultation Ex-periment (HALOE) ozone profiles and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) total ozone data sets,the characteristics and variations of the vertical distribution of stratospheric ozone covering the latitude bands of 50oN±5oN,40oN±5oN,30oN±5oN,and 20oN±5oN and the longitude range of 75-135oE are investigated.The results indicate that the ozone distribution pattern over China not only has general behaviors,but also has particular char-acteristics.In view of the situation that ozone distribu-tions have substantial deviation from zonal symmetry in northern China,the differences of the vertical ozone dis-tribution between the east and the west part of northern China are studied.The results indicate that during winter,spring,and autumn,in the latitude bands of 50oN±5oN,40oN±5oN,ozone concentrations in the eastern part (105 -135oE) are obviously higher than those of the west (75-105oE) at the altitudes of ozone density maximum and below;during summer,in the latitude band of 50oN±5oN,the east-west ozone profile difference is small,but in the latitude band of 40oN±5oN,the east-west total ozone difference becomes as large as 14.0 DU,and the east-west ozone profile difference mainly exists in the lowermost stratosphere and troposphere.