“海棠”台风降水非对称分布特征成因的定量分析

2005年7月19日08时～20日08时“海棠”（Haitang)台风登陆福建省前后24小时期间, 带来一次明显降水过程, 且台风北侧降水较南侧强, 呈明显非对称分布。利用WRF模式对此次降水过程进行了数值模拟, 基于模拟结果, 不仅分析研究了相对湿度、 垂直上升运动场, 同时还进行改进的湿Q矢量诊断分析, 以及计算分析地形抬升和地表摩擦的强迫作用, 定量分析“海棠”台风降水非对称分布特征形成的可能成因。结果表明:（1) WRF模式成功地模拟出了此次降水非对称分布特征、主要降水落区, 以及300 mm以上极端强降水的强度、位置, 模拟效果令人鼓舞。（2) 垂直上升运动条件可能是造成降水非对称分布特征的主要因素。（3) 台风北侧改进的湿Q矢量散度辐合强度明显较其南侧强, 进一步计算分析发现, 改进的湿Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水场也呈明显非对称分布, 且台风北侧强于南侧。（4) 地形因子强迫产生的降水强度约是改进的湿Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水强度的1.6～2.5倍, 且地表摩擦作用强迫产生的降水强度约是地形抬升作用强迫产生的降水强度的2～3倍。     

登陆台风Matsa (麦莎) 中尺度扰动特征分析

地面中尺度自动站和多普勒雷达资料的分析都表明, 台风Matsa登陆后的低层螺旋云带中活跃着中尺度气旋性涡旋系统。本文使用新一代中尺度WRF模式对台风Matsa登陆后的变化特征进行了数值模拟, 使用四维变分多普勒雷达分析系统 (4D-VDRAS) 对台风Matsa多普勒雷达径向风进行了风场反演。在此基础上对台风Matsa登陆后中尺度扰动特性进行了初步探讨; 对台风Matsa与其螺旋云带的中尺度系统之间动能和涡度的相互转换进行了诊断分析。分析表明: (1) 数值模拟和雷达风场反演结果表明, 登陆台风Matsa的低层螺旋云带中活跃着中尺度气旋式涡旋系统, 与之相伴随的为较强的中尺度上升区, 而且, 中尺度垂直上升运动的强弱与雷达对流回波强度成正相关, 中尺度垂直上升运动越强, 雷达对流回波发展越旺盛。 (2) 台风Matsa与其中尺度系统动能转换的诊断分析说明, 低层中尺度系统从台风Matsa环流中获得动能而发展; Matsa在陆地上长久维持主要是从高层获得动能。 (3) 台风Matsa与其中尺度系统涡度转换的诊断分析说明, 低层中尺度系统向Matsa输送正涡度主要依靠中尺度垂直运动来完成; 高层正涡度的转换通过水平输送和垂直输送共同来完成。所以, 中尺度系统所产生的正涡度源源不断地向Matsa输送, 使Matsa的气旋性环流可以在陆地上长久维持。     

基于新等级标准中国登陆热带气旋气候及变化特征

利用1949-2006年热带气旋（TC）年鉴资料,根据2006年新制定的TC等级标准,分析了登陆我国TC的气候特征。结果表明：登陆TC中强热带风暴（STS,38．5％）最多,其余依次为台风（TY）、热带风暴（TS）、强台风（STY）和超强台风（SuperTY）。59％的STY和66．7％的SuperTY在台湾省登陆,尽管登陆广东的TC最多,但登陆的STY和SuperTY却很少。7～9月是TC登陆活跃期,而8～9月登陆TC平均强度最强。登陆TC频数具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征,其中登陆TC频数呈弱的减少趋势,而TY及以上级别TC频数则有增加趋势。在全球气候变暖背景下,登陆TC的生成源地有向北移的趋势,然而近年来南落明显。登陆TC的平均强度出现减弱趋势,但进入21世纪以来,平均强度显著增强,尤其是TC逐年强度极值表现更为明显。登陆TC的平均登陆点无明显的南北偏移,但逐年登陆点最北纬度在20世纪70年代中期以后有南落现象,以35°N以南为主。     

SENSITIVITY OF LANDFALLING TYPHOON STRUCTURE AND PRECIPITATION TO VARYING CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES

Typhoon KROSA in 2007 is simulated using GRAPES, a mesoscale numerical model, in which a two-parameter mixed-phase microphysics scheme is implanted. A series of numerical experiments are designed to test the sensitivity of landfalling typhoon structure and precipitation to varying cloud microphysics and latent heat release. It is found that typhoon track is sensitive to different microphysical processes and latent heat release. The cloud structures of simulated cyclones can be quite different with that of varying microphysical processes. Graupel particles play an important role in the formation of local heavy rainfall and the maintenance of spiral rainbands. Analysis reveals that the feedback of latent heat to dynamic fields can significantly change the content and distribution of cloud hydrometeors, thus having an impact on surface precipitation.     

20世纪50年代以来登陆中国热带气旋的变化特征分析

基于1951—2017年西北太平洋热带气旋路径资料,利用趋势分析、R/S分析以及周期分析等方法对近67年来登陆中国热带气旋的个数、频次、强度以及登陆位置等热带气旋活动特征进行深入分析,结果表明:(1)近67年登陆中国热带气旋的个数和频次均呈下降趋势,下降幅度分别为0.003个/a和0.008次/a,但变化趋势均不显著,未来一段时期热带气旋登陆个数、频次将呈缓慢增加趋势。(2) 6—10月是热带气旋发生和登陆的高频期,其中,8月份热带气旋的发生次数和登陆中国的次数均最多。(3)历年最低中心气压、平均中心气压均呈增加趋势,且最低中心气压通过了M-K显著性检验;热带气旋登陆强度总体呈减弱趋势,且未来一段时期将继续呈减弱趋势,但高强度热带气旋呈显著增加趋势。(4)广东、台湾、海南、福建和浙江是热带气旋的主要登陆地;热带气旋的登陆位置呈向东、向北偏移趋势,且未来时期该偏移趋势仍将持续。利用热带气旋路径数据分析1951—2017年登陆中国热带气旋的数量、强度等变化,旨在深入认识影响中国的热带气旋活动的特征及规律,为热带气旋的预报、预警及防灾减灾工作等提供科学参考。     

全球气候变暖背景下登陆我国台风特征的分析

利用1949-2002年西北太平洋热带气旋、登陆我国台风和全球地面温度资料，对登陆我国台风的频数、强度以及登陆位置的年际变化，特别是趋势特征进行了分析，并与西北太平洋台风的变化特征作了对比。结果表明：在全球气候变暖背景下，我国登陆台风频数的减少趋势没有西北太平洋台风频数的减少趋势强；登陆台风的平均强度和极端强度均有减弱趋势，极端强度的减弱趋势尤为明显，但其强度弱于西北太平洋台风。在1968-2002年全球明显增暖时段，我国台风登陆位置偏向我国中部，西北太平洋台风在生命史中强度达最强时的位置有向北移动的趋势。     

The spatial distribution of tornadoes and high wind impacts associated with inland-moving tropical cyclones in the southeastern United States

The southeastern United States is routinely hit by tropical cyclones (TC). As TC track inland and dissipate their inland impacts can be substantial. This study examined the spatial patterns of societal impacts associated with tornadoes and high winds with 31 inland-moving TC that made landfall from 1985 to 2008. Hourly weather information was collected from all available first-order weather stations affected by each storm, as well as tropical cyclone preliminary reports issued from the National Hurricane Center. Societal impacts were identified through selected newspapers across the region and the National Climatic Data Center’s Storm Data. Geographic Information System (GIS) software was employed to make geometric measurements of the distance and direction of the impacts relative to storm center. From these measurements, the spatial distribution of the societal and meteorological impacts was plotted relative to the track (e.g., left vs. right) and location (forward vs. rear sector) of the cyclone center. Various tropical cyclone attributes, including size, strength, and forward speed of movement were then related to the occurrence of different impacts and their location relative to the cyclone track. The majority of tropical cyclone tornado and high wind impacts occur in the right-forward sector of the tropical cyclone. However, many TC produce impacts that occur in other sectors far from the center of circulation. These abnormalities are associated in many cases with interactions between the tropical cyclone circulation, topography, peripheral dry air, and extratropical synoptic weather features.     

华东地区登陆台风降水变化的初步研究

利用华东地区129站1954—2004年逐日降水量资料,用降水客观分离的方法及其改进方案对登陆该地区的台风降水（tropical cyclone precipitation;TCP）进行分离;再用方差分析、气候趋势系数和线性回归等方法,分析TCP的气候特征,并与总降水的相应特征比较。结果表明：华东地区登陆台风降水量空间分布不均匀,福建东南沿海地区最大,具有向西北方向递减的趋势,这种趋势与地形等因素有关;TCP的年际变化明显,9 a和15 a周期显著;TCP年代际变化表现为20世纪50年代最多,70年代前开始减少,比华北地区台风降水减少出现的时间提早10 a;TCP与总降水两者的时间演变特点差异较大。     

Numerical Study of Boundary Layer Structure and Rainfall after Landfall of Typhoon Fitow(2013): Sensitivity to Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization

The boundary layer structure and related heavy rainfall of Typhoon Fitow(2013), which made landfall in Zhejiang Province, China, are studied using the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model, with a focus on the sensitivity of the simulation to the planetary boundary layer parameterization. Two groups of experiments—one with the same surface layer scheme and including the Yonsei University(YSU), Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino Level 2.5,and Bougeault and Lacarrere schemes; and the other with different surface layer schemes and including the Mellor–Yamada–Janjic′ and Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination schemes—are investigated. For the convenience of comparative analysis, the simulation with the YSU scheme is chosen as the control run because this scheme successfully reproduces the track, intensity and rainfall as a whole. The maximum deviations in the peak tangential and peak radial winds may account for 11% and 33%of those produced in the control run, respectively. Further diagnosis indicates that the vertical diffusivity is much larger in the first group, resulting in weaker vertical shear of the tangential and radial winds in the boundary layer and a deeper inflow layer therein. The precipitation discrepancies are related to the simulated track deflection and the differences in the simulated low-level convergent flow among all tests. Furthermore, the first group more efficiently transfers moisture and energy and produces a stronger ascending motion than the second, contributing to a deeper moist layer, stronger convection and greater precipitation.     

Characteristics and Diagnosis of the Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area of China During 1981-2018

This paper applies statistical and synthetic analysis methods to study the characteristics of the three types of tropical cyclone (TC) that landed in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 1981 to 2018 and the reasons for the differences of TC-induced wind and precipitation. The results show that there are interdecadal changes in the frequency and intensity of the landfalling TCs in the GBA, with decreased frequency but increased intensity in the 2010s. The TCs that landed in the west of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) have the most frequency and the strongest intensity during landing, which bring the strongest winds; the TCs that landed in the PRE have the least frequency and the shortest duration after landing, which cause the strongest precipitation; the TCs that landed in the east of the PRE have the relatively longest duration on the land. This study shows that near the center of the TCs that landed in the PRE, there is a weak anomalous cyclonic shear compared with the ones that landed in the west of the PRE. Compared with the TCs that landed in the east of the PRE, it is a confluence area of anomalous north wind and anomalous southwest wind, with better water vapor convergence and dynamic rising conditions, which is conducive to the formation of heavy precipitation. Compared with the TCs that landed in the PRE and in its east, there is a closed positive anomalous center of pressure gradient in the northwest center of the TCs that landed in its west, resulting in higher wind speeds in the west of the PRE. The characteristics of the three types of TCs in the GBA are highly related to TC-induced damage. In the future, the GBA needs to focus on preventing TCs landing in its west. Zhuhai, Jiangmen and Huizhou are key cities to guard against TCs. The results of this study provide foundations for effective management and reduction of TC disaster risks in the future construction of the GBA.