Evaluating the Efficiency of Typographic Design: Gender and Expertise Variation

Abstract

Although the efficiency of label placement algorithms has been studied extensively, few studies considered the influence of the label designs on the efficiency of map readers. Labels are one of the most important elements on the map as they can provide more information than other symbols can. The design of the labels does have to stress the theme, shape and functionality of the associated objects, which results in a more efficient interpretation of the map content by the user. How the label designs can enhance the map readers’ efficiency (and thus the quality of the maps themselves) is the main objective of this study. A user study was conducted in which the participants were asked to locate a target label on a map. Different label designs were implemented across the trials. The participants’ reactions times were registered to measure their efficiency and statistically analysed using a one-way ANOVA. Two different users’ characteristics were considered: gender and expertise. Related to the size, shape, orientation and texture of the labels, a number of significant differences (P<0·05) and trends were located. Differences in efficiency between males and females, on the one hand, and between novices and experts, on the other hand, were also described statistically. Consequently, recommendations can be formulated regarding the design of labels in order to obtain more efficient maps, keeping in mind the map users’ characteristics.     

Investigating the Effectiveness of an Efficient Label Placement Method Using Eye Movement Data

Abstract

This paper focuses on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of dynamic and interactive maps in relation to the user. A label placement method with an improved algorithmic efficiency is presented. Since this algorithm has an influence on the actual placement of the name labels on the map, it is tested if this efficient algorithms also creates more effective maps: how well is the information processed by the user. We tested 30 participants while they were working on a dynamic and interactive map display. Their task was to locate geographical names on each of the presented maps. Their eye movements were registered together with the time at which a given label was found. The gathered data reveal no difference in the user’s response times, neither in the number and the duration of the fixations between both map designs. The results of this study show that the efficiency of label placement algorithms can be improved without disturbing the user’s cognitive map. Consequently, we created a more efficient map without affecting its effectiveness towards the user.     

Adaptive multi-resolution labeling in virtual landscapes

Labeling plays an important role in map production, attaching specific texts to related geographic elements to provide clear environmental references. In three-dimensional geographical information systems (3DGISs), however, cluttering happens fairly commonly because of the unexpected overlapping and occlusion among labels and related objects, and results in an ambiguous and obscure environment. It generally also takes large computing power and memory to visualize spatial entities. Aimed at both unambiguous and efficient 3D map display, this article proposes an adaptive multi-resolution labeling method to deal with point, polyline, and polygon features labeling in a 3D landscape. It implements adaptive placement and view-driven label filtering without obscuring other visual features. The experiments indicated that the display of overlapping labels and label popping are reduced significantly with less computation burden while retaining the rendering quality.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

地图点要素注记自动配置中聚类分组的蚁群算法应用

大规模点要素注记自动配置问题是地图注记的难点之一,主要受限于时间效率和注记配置质量。针对该问题,本文首先提出一种椭圆形多方位多级注记待选方位配置方案,使其参数化、多元化。其次,结合点要素空间分布特征,提出一种以聚类分组的蚁群算法,并讨论和优化核心参数,实现大规模点要素的注记快速配置。实验表明,该算法计算效率明显提升,算法性能稳定。针对注记密度在5%~30%随机分布点要素的地图,其相比传统蚁群算法算法效率提高73.2%;同时,该算法的注记结果质量比传统蚁群算法注记结果质量好,注记适应度提升8.0%。实验采用抚顺县集体土地所有权界址点数据进行验证,结果表明效率提升86.7%,且注记适应度提升14.6%。本算法适用于点要素规模大、点簇疏密变化差异大的点要素注记自动配置问题的快速求解。     

矿井瞬变电磁法超前探测研究

本文通过实例介绍了矿井瞬变电磁法超前探测的基本原理及井下施工技术。实际应用表明,该方法对解决巷道掘进迎头方向的水害隐患及确保巷道安全是一种快捷、有效的勘查手段,可以为煤矿地质保障系统提供重要的技术依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地矿权问题及解决机制探析

鄂尔多斯盆地赋存多种矿产且资源量极为丰富,是我国重要的能源基地。盆地内各矿产资源存在交叉,特别是能源矿产资源如石油、天然气、煤层气、煤炭等资源的矿区叠置问题极为严重,极大制约了矿产资源开发利用和产业发展。本文结合鄂尔多斯盆地内能源矿产的特征,以及开发现状、管理模式、法律法规等方面深入分析了矿权叠置形成原因,针对性的探析解决机制,并提出:建议协同开发,确定合理的利益分配。制定统一管理措施,加强协调监管。构建精简的矿权审批体系,形成一贯的执行标准。探明采矿权和探矿权,制定配套信息共享制度等措施建议。     

违法用地动态巡查的路线规划与执法盲区识别

通过建立违法用地动态巡查轨迹数据与案件业务数据库,利用缓冲分析和擦除分析计算巡查盲区,并通过案件业务数据和巡查盲区叠置分析和网格化处理,分析案件巡查路线与案件业务数据的相关性,从而得出违法用地巡查路线优化建议,为自然资源执法工作提供决策支撑。     

综合指标叠套方法在海上雷暴预报中的应用

在前人研究陆上雷暴的经验基础上,采用综合指标叠套的方法,探讨不同海域雷暴的影响因子及其预报。选取的预报参数主要包括温度露点差、相对湿度、层结稳定度、对流有效位能、抬升指数、BOYD指数、全总指数、K指数、SWEAT指数、SWISS00、水汽通量散度等15个指标,并分区域确定各自的阈值。对2013年6月东海和南海区域雷暴进行试预报,准确率可达到70%以上,且有效减少漏报率。可见,选取的预报因子及其阈值是有效的,综合指标叠套方法用于海上雷暴的预报是可行的。     

涂抹区重叠竖井地基固结特性研究

在软基处理工程中,经常出现竖井打设变密而地基固结效率降低的现象。鉴于此,建立了重叠涂抹区内土体水平向渗透系数的分布函数,给出了涂抹区重叠时竖井地基超静孔压和平均固结度的解析解。通过分析不同工况下竖井地基固结度随竖井间距的变化情况,探究了竖井间距减小而地基固结效率不增反减的成因。最后,探讨了涂抹作用和井阻作用对竖井最小临界间距的影响。结果表明：相邻竖井涂抹区重叠是竖井地基中出现竖井最小临界间距的根本原因。涂抹作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越大;具体表现为当地基扰动程度增大时或涂抹区半径增大时,竖井最小临界间距随之增大。井阻作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越小;具体表现为当竖井渗透系数减小时、竖井长度增大时或竖井半径减小时,竖井最小临界间距随之减小。