Reindeer Herders Without Reindeer. The Challenges of Joint Knowledge Production on Kolguev Island in the Russian Arctic

Kolguev Island in the Russian Arctic has a unique tundra ecosystem and an indigenous Nenets population whose livelihood is traditionally based on reindeer herding. The Nenets faced a major crisis in 2013–2014 when the reindeer population collapsed. Widely different explanations for this collapse were put forward. This lack of a shared perspective points at the failure of genuine joint knowledge production (JKP) in the island’s UNEP–GEF’s ECORA project (2004–2009). The ECORA project aimed to achieve integrated ecosystem management by stimulating dialog and mutual learning among indigenous people, state agencies, and scientists. This paper analyses the failure of ECORA’s JKP, using a recently developed framework of conditions for successful JKP. The results suggest that ECORA met none of these conditions. It failed at bringing the scientific and indigenous knowledge systems together, and the produced knowledge did not resonate with indigenous people’s perception of living in Kolguev.     

“陆相层型”建立的认识与思考

从总结陆相侏罗-白垩纪地层界线的研究成果和工作方法,结合国际地层委员会“修订准则”和国际地层指南的规定,论述了建立“陆相层型”的紧迫性、理论和方法。我国陆相地层极为发育,但研究明显滞后于海相地层,主要问题是缺乏划分对比标准。目前以海相地层研究建立的层型尚不能应用于陆相地层,况且一些地质断代还未建立层型。陆相地层研究要先建立自己的标准。与海相地层比较,陆相地层在同位素测年、磁性地层划分和事件地层学研究方面具备建立层型的优势,同样可以找到分布广泛和利于大范围地层对比的化石门类。建立陆相层型的关键是找到沉积连续、化石丰富和暴露完全的剖面。陆相层型可以“单位层型”与“界线层型”建立并举,有条件的地质断代还是要重视建立“界线层型”。生物地层学研究一定要以恢复演化谱系或发生序列为基础,界线化石标志应该选在其“首现”层位。“陆相层型”的建立应强调多学科、多门类、多方法的综合研究。     

基于布尔交运算的三维流形单元生成研究

三维流形单元的生成是进行三维数值流形分析的首要问题之一。详细研究了三维流形单元的生成过程,并采用C++语言编写了相应的程序。借鉴二维流形单元的形成技术,基于拓扑学的“有向性”原理,将点、有向边、有向环、有向面和有向壳等作为三维块体的基本数据结构。将材料体和数学网格进行布尔交运算,并对形成的流形块体进行有效性检测,满足要求后即形成新的三维流形单元。每个数学网格的顶点作为新流形单元的数学覆盖,再对数学覆盖进行细分,形成流形单元的物理覆盖。分别选取凹形体、空心体和包含有限结构面的材料体与数学网格进行布尔交运算,并选取一个典型工程来检查该方法和程序的可行性。计算结果表明,该方法可以对复杂块体（凹形体、空心体和包含有限结构面的体）进行处理,为今后进行复杂结构计算和分析奠定基础,具有较强的适应性和可靠性。     

澜沧江-湄公河流域水库联合调度防洪作用

澜沧江-湄公河流域汛期洪灾频发,气候变化极有可能进一步加剧该区域洪水的量级和发生频率,需要上下游合作共同应对。建立了澜沧江-湄公河全流域分布式水文及水库调度模型,模拟1991-2005年全流域13条支流和5个干流防洪控制断面的逐日天然流量过程,在此基础上模拟全流域已建、在建和规划水库的联合调度过程,分析防洪作用。结果表明:①全流域水库联合调度对湄公河5个主要断面均有显著的防洪作用,在完全按照防洪目标对水库进行调度的情况下可将200年一遇洪水减至20~50年一遇。②湄公河左岸支流的防洪能力远高于右岸,具有较高防洪能力的支流有澜沧江、南乌河、南俄河、南屯河、濛河、色公河和桑河。③对不同断面起主要防洪作用的支流不同:在琅勃拉邦上游,澜沧江、南乌河起主要作用;在那空帕农断面,南俄河与南屯河加总的防洪作用与澜沧江基本相等;在巴色下游,濛河和色公河的作用均超过澜沧江。澜湄合作机制为上下游防洪合作提供了重要契机,研究成果可为流域国协商建立联合防洪调度机制提供参考。     

Multi-tier interactive genetic algorithms for the optimization of long-term reservoir operation

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are well known optimization methods. However, complicated systems with high dimensional variables, such as long-term reservoir operation, usually prevent the methods from reaching optimal solutions. This study proposes a multi-tier interactive genetic algorithm (MIGA) which decomposes a complicated system (long series) into several small-scale sub-systems (sub-series) with GA applied to each sub-system and the multi-tier (key) information mutually interacts among individual sub-systems to find the optimal solution of long-term reservoir operation. To retain the integrity of the original system, over the multi-tier architecture, an operation strategy is designed to concatenate the primary tier and the allocation tiers by providing key information from the primary tier to the allocation tiers when initializing populations in each sub-system. The Shihmen Reservoir in Taiwan is used as a case study. For comparison, three long-term operation results of a sole GA search and a simulation based on the reservoir rule curves are compared with that of MIGA. The results demonstrate that MIGA is far more efficient than the sole GA and can successfully and efficiently increase the possibility of achieving an optimal solution. The improvement rate of fitness values increases more than 25%, and the computation time dramatically decreases 80% in a 20-year long-term operation case. The MIGA with the flexibility of decomposition strategies proposed in this study can be effectively and suitably used in long-term reservoir operation or systems with similar conditions.     

开放的地图制图专家系统设计

本文把开放的思想引入地图制图专家系统中，详细论述了多知识表达的知识库、多向推理的推理机及开放的解释机制等关键问题。     

产业转移与创新能力互动机制的研究进展

在对产业转移与承接地技术创新研究的理论性追溯基础上,梳理了创新能力对产业转移的影响;国际产业转移对创新投入的作用;国际产业转移对国家、省域、行业、企业等不同层面创新产出的作用;国际产业转移对创新绩效的作用;国内产业转移对承接地的技术创新效应相关研究。认为以下几方面应成为未来研究的方向：加强新一轮产业转移对承接地的技术创新效应研究;从国家-省域-市域不同空间尺度分析新一轮产业转移的技术创新效应;加强新一轮产业转移技术创新效应的动态研究;从经济地理学学科特点出发建立综合性分析框架研究产业转移的技术创新机理。     

Towards understanding governance for sustainable urban water management

Shifting from traditional, large, centralised infrastructure to alternative, distributed technologies is widely accepted as essential for enabling sustainable water management. Despite technical advances in sustainable urban water management over recent decades, the shift from traditional to more sustainable approaches remains slow. Current research on socio-institutional barriers suggests this poor implementation relates to a limited understanding of the different forms of governance needed to support alternative approaches, rather than the potential ineffectiveness of the technologies and practices. While some governance scholars express preferences for ideal hierarchical, market or network governance approaches, others suggest a hybrid of these approaches may be more appropriate for achieving sustainability. Currently, there is limited commentary about the potential characteristics of sustainable urban water governance. To extend the current scholarship, this paper systematically draws on the tacit knowledge of expert sustainability practitioners to identify potential governance characteristics of sustainable urban water management. In comparison with current urban water scholarship, which is supportive of a network governance approach at a conceptual level, the results strongly suggest that sustainability practitioners see the need for hybrid governance arrangements at a practical and operational level. These hybrid arrangements tended to comprise network and hierarchical approaches with market governance instruments. These insights from practitioners to help identify future research needs, focused on examining interaction among governance approaches at a variety of scales and locations.     

基于知识图谱的近30年国际海岸带研究进展与热点分析

随着城市化进程加快,海岸带区域环境问题日益突出,与其相关的研究成为学术界的焦点。本文首先基于Web of Science核心数据库,以国家、关键词等信息为研究对象,应用Citespace的知识图谱梳理了海岸带相关研究的脉络,并对其进行了量化与可视化分析。然后通过总结不同时期的研究热点和演化过程,完善海岸带相关的研究,为今后的研究方向与角度提供参考与借鉴。结果表明,随着对海岸带地位特殊性的认识,越来越多的学者投入到海岸带的研究中。分析认为,应用大数据、云计算技术的研究方式及针对大尺度的海平面上升的研究、中等尺度的海岸带的城市生态相关的研究、较小尺度的激光雷达测深等研究是未来主要的研究方向。