一种动态参考站RTK模糊度解算方法

根据两空间的不同特性和两空间模糊度之间的匹配关系,提出了双空间搜索算法,使两空间的模糊度候选值明显减少,因此可以加快模糊度的搜索速度,并用车载试验数据验证了方法的正确性。车载"动对动"定位结果与常规RTK结果比较,精度达到mm级。     

具有坐标函数约束的动态定位算法

在单历元阻尼LAMBDA算法的基础上,采用两种处理方案,分析了一些简单的坐标函数约束对解算模糊度的作用,并用两个实际算例验证了坐标约束在单历元定位中的应用效果。     

青藏高原块体相对运动模型的GPS方法确定与分析

利用武汉测绘科技大学在1993年、1995年观测的两期GPS资料,具体分析了青藏高原各块体相对运动情况。目前青藏高原大约以33.4mm/a,N30°E方向向西伯利亚运动,其中巴颜喀拉块体、羌塘块体、拉萨-冈底斯块体和喜马拉雅块体大约分别以17.3mm/a±3.1mm/a,N35°E;25.7mm/a±5.1mm/a,N33°E;38.9mm/a±6.1mm/a,N29°E;46.0mm/a±6.2mm/a,N27°E方向朝西伯利亚运动,而西藏块体大约以28.5mm/a±5.0mm/a速率,N31°E方向朝西伯利亚运动,这些结果与地质结果符合。文中还给出了各块体相对运动的欧拉向量。     

GPS与路线CAD数据的交换及应用

ＧＰＳ全球定位系统在公路勘测设计中已得到较为广泛的应用, 特别是实时动态ＲＴＫ 技术在测设中线方面的成功应用, 突破了常规红外测距仪或全站仪测设中线的方法。本文作者论述运用路线ＣＡＤ 程序和Ｗｏｒｋ Ｂｅｎｃｈ 软件相结合, 实现ＧＰＳ数据与路线ＣＡＤ 数据之间的传输交换, 并在周口至界首高速公路测量中得到成功地应用。     

Accuracy of kinematic wave and diffusion wave for spatial‐varying rainfall excess over a plane

The kinematic‐wave and diffusive‐wave approximations were investigated for unsteady overland flow resulting from spatially varying rainfall excess. Three types of boundary conditions were adopted: zero flow at the upstream end, and critical flow and zero depth‐gradient at the downstream end. Errors were derived by comparing the dimensionless profiles of the flow depth over the plane with those computed from the dynamic‐wave solution. It was found that the mean errors for both the approximations were independent of the type of rainfall excess distribution for KF₀² > 5, where K is the kinematic‐wave number and F₀ is the Froude number. Therefore, the regions (KF₀², F₀) where the kinematic‐wave and diffusive‐wave solutions would be fairly accurate and for any distribution of spatially varying rainfall, were characterized. The kinematic‐wave approximation was reasonably accurate, with a mean error of less than 5% and for the critical depth at the downstream end, for KF₀² ≥ 20 with F₀ ≤ 1; if the rainfall excess was concentrated in a portion of the plane, the field where the kinematic‐wave solution was found accurate, it was more limited and characterized for KF₀² > 35 with F₀ ≤ 1. The diffusive‐wave solution was in good agreement with the dynamic‐wave solution with a mean error of less than 5%, in the flow depth, for KF₀² ≥ 15 with F₀ ≤ 1; for rainfall excess concentrated in a portion of the plane, the accuracy of the diffusion wave solution was in a region more restricted and defined for KF₀² ≥ 30 with F₀ ≤ 1. For zero‐depth gradient at the downstream end, the accuracy field of the kinematic‐wave was found to be greater and characterized for KF₀² > 10 with F₀ ≤ 1; for rainfall excess concentrated in a portion of the plane, the region was smaller and defined for KF₀² > 15 with F₀ ≤ 1. The diffusive‐wave solution was found accurate in the region defined for KF₀² > 7·5, whereas for rainfall excess concentrated in a portion of the plane, the field of accuracy was for KF₀² > 12·5 with F₀ ≤ 1. The lower limits of the regions, defined on KF₀², can be considered generally valid for both approximations, but for F₀ < 1 smaller lower limits were also characterized. Finally, the accuracy of these approximations was influenced significantly by the downstream boundary condition. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of kinematic wave theory for predicting flash flood hazards on coupled alluvial fan–piedmont plain landforms

A rainstorm that caused a severe flash flood on the piedmont plain at the toe positions of two alluvial fans located to the west of the Organ Mountains in Dona Ana County, New Mexico, USA, is analysed. The space–time distributions of rainfall are evaluated from the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) and overland flow is modelled as kinematic wave. The spatial distribution of rainfall shows a topographic control. The greatest rainfall depth, duration, and intensity occurred at the higher elevation mountain slopes and decreased with decreasing elevation from the alluvial fans to the piedmont plain. The alluvial fan–piedmont plain system is modelled by coupling divergent and rectangular overland flow planes. Explicit finite difference approximations, hybridized with the analytical method of characteristics, are made to the kinematic wave equations to account for the spatial and temporal distribution of the rainfall and variable boundary conditions. Simulation results indicate that sheet‐flow floodwater elevations rise (1) in a nonlinear fashion from the apex to toe positions of the alluvial fans, and (2) near linearly from the toe positions of the alluvial fans onto the piedmont plains with the formation of kinematic shocks near the middle to the upstream end of the plane at times between the initiation of the rainstorm and the time of concentration of the plane. Thus, the maximum flooding occurs at the middle or upstream sections of the piedmont plains regardless of the pattern of space–time variability of rainfall. These results are in agreement with observed geomorphologic features suggesting that piedmont plains are naturally flood‐prone areas. This case study demonstrates that flood hazards on piedmont plains can exceed those on alluvial fans. The models presented in this study suggest that the flood hazard zones on coupled alluvial fan–piedmont plain landforms should be delineated transverse to the flow directions, as opposed to the flood hazard zones with boundaries in the longitudinal direction of the axis of an alluvial fan. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the relationship between hydrographs and chemographs

The spatial representativeness of gauging stations was investigated in two low‐mountainous river basins near the city of Trier, southwest Germany. Longitudinal profiles during low and high flow conditions were sampled in order to identify sources of solutes and to characterize the alteration of flood wave properties during its travel downstream. Numerous hydrographs and chemographs of natural flood events were analysed in detail. Additionally, artificial flood events were investigated to study in‐channel transport processes. During dry weather conditions the gauging station was only representative for a short river segment upstream, owing to discharge and solute concentrations of sources contiguous to the measurement site. During artificial flood events the kinematic wave velocity was considerably faster than the movement of water body and solutes, refuting the idea of a simple mixing process of individual runoff components. Depending on hydrological boundary conditions, the wave at a specific gauge could be entirely composed of old in‐channel water, which notably reduces the spatial representativeness of a sampling site. Natural flood events were characterized by a superimposition of local overland flow, riparian water and the kinematic wave process comprising the downstream conveyance of solutes. Summer floods in particular were marked by a chronological occurrence of distinct individual runoff components originating only from a few contributing areas adjacent to the stream and gauge. Thus, the representativeness of a gauge for processes in the whole basin depends on the distance of the nearest significant source to the station. The consequence of our study is that the assumptions of mixing models are not satisfied in river basins larger than 3 km². Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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Absolute Calibration of TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 Using GPS Buoys in Bass Strait, Australia

An absolute calibration of the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) and Jason-1 altimeters has been undertaken during the dedicated calibration phase of the Jason-1 mission, in Bass Strait, Australia. The present study incorporates several improvements to the earlier calibration methodology used for Bass Strait, namely the use of GPS buoys and the determination of absolute bias in a purely geometrical sense, without the necessity of estimating a marine geoid. This article focuses on technical issues surrounding the GPS buoy methodology for use in altimeter calibration studies. We present absolute bias estimates computed solely from the GPS buoy deployments and derive formal uncertainty estimates for bias calculation from a single overflight at the 40-45 mm level. Estimates of the absolute bias derived from the GPS buoys is -10 ± 19 mm for T/P and +147 ± 21 mm for Jason-1 (MOE orbit) and +131 ± 21 mm for Jason-1 (GPS orbit). Considering the estimated error budget, our bias values are equivalent to other determinations from the dedicated NASA and CNES calibration sites.     

甘肃文县阳山金矿带显微构造研究

甘肃文县阳山金矿位于西秦岭南亚带,地处中国扬子大陆—华北大陆—松潘甘孜地块三大地块(华北—扬子—松潘)的汇聚转化部位,大地构造背景极为复杂。本次工作着力研究该区显微构造特征,通过显微构造来反映宏观构造。主要研究内容与成果包括:①通过对显微构造特征观察,认为该区构造应变主要为脆—韧性变化,区域构造运动至少可以分为4个期次,与宏观构造所反映的构造期次基本一致;②显微构造运动学分析表明,该区断裂带活动方式有变化,从而造成了剪切方向的不一致;③动力学分析表明,该区域主应力方向为NW—NE,与宏观构造所反映的区域主应力方向一致;动态重结晶法计算古应力差值为20MPa左右,反映为后期剪切作用的差异应力,其构造层次也相对较浅,属于表—浅构造层次。