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Joint Distribution of Wave Heights and Wavelengths and Distribution of Wave Steepness

-A joint probability density is derived for wavelengths and wave heights.It is asymmetric anddepends only on the spectral bandwidthεdefined by Cartwright and Longuet-Higgins(1956).After that atheoretical probability density for wave steepness is obtained.It tends to Rayleigh distribution asε→0.Acomparison between theorethal steepness distribution and laboratory experiment result shows good agree-ment.     

粗粒料级配缩尺后最大干密度试验研究

对某级配粗粒料,采用剔除法、等量替代法、相似级配法和混合法等4种不同缩尺方法,依据规范要求进行缩尺。缩尺后替代级配料的最大颗粒粒径分别为20、40、60mm。对各替代级配料采用振动台法进行了最大干密度试验,基于试验成果,结合分形理论,提出了一种将最大干密度与级配及细粒含量之间关系归一化的方法,并拟合了最大干密度与试验前级配的分形维数、小于5 mm颗粒的含量及最大粒径之间的关系,据此可推求出原型级配料的最大干密度,探讨了缩尺方法对替代料试验前后粒径分布曲线变化幅度的影响,总结出颗粒破碎分形维数与试验前级配的分形维数、小于5 mm颗粒含量及最大粒径之间的关系式,据此可推求出填筑后原型级配料的颗粒破碎分形维数。     

Response of infaunal macrobenthos to the sediment granulometry in a tropical continental margin–southwest coast of India

Surficial sediment samples, collected from the continental margin of the southwest coast of India in July 2004, were examined for the grain size and soft-bottom macrobenthic fauna, to understand the sediment granulometry and its effect on the faunal distribution. Samples were collected using Smith-McIntyre Grab, from 20 to 200 m depth range, consisting of mid-shelf, outer shelf and slope. Fine-grained sediment located in the mid shelf and supported low faunal abundance. Polychaetes constituted the bulk of the fauna. Feeding guild changed with depth and sediment granulometry. Coexistence of deposit feeders and carnivores in outer shelf and deposit feeders and filter feeders in the slope region indicated the effective utilization of different food resources. In general, richness and diversity were high in the southern region. Depth wise, the diversity and abundance were relatively high in the 50–75 m depth range. Correlation and BIO-ENV analysis showed that combination of different factors such as sediment texture, sediment sorting and depth were found to influence the distribution of macrobenthos. Hence, spatial variations observed in benthic community were presumably linked to the variations in sediment granulometry and the energy level conditions prevailing in the area.     

利用多源城市数据划定地铁站点吸引范围

随着时代的发展,世界城市规模不断扩大,各大城市的交通需求陡然增加,而地面出行所带来的堵塞和环保问题导致政府部门把目光转向地下交通发展,其中地铁是地下交通发展中最重要的交通工具.准确划定地铁站点吸引范围,分析影响地铁站点吸引范围主要因素,不仅对于优化地铁交通服务和规划地铁周边建成环境具有重要意义,同时对于新建地铁站点设施...     

Eruption and emplacement of a laterally extensive, crystal-rich, and pumice-free ignimbrite (the Cretaceous Kusandong Tuff, Korea)

The Cretaceous Kusandong Tuff, Korea, is a thin (1–5 m thick) but laterally extensive (~ 200 km) silicic ignimbrite emplaced in a fluviolacustrine basin adjacent to a continental volcanic arc. The tuff has been used as an excellent key bed because of its great lateral continuity and unique lithology, characterized by the virtual absence of juvenile clasts and an abundance of quartz and feldspar crystals (up to 55–73 vol.%). The tuff is mostly massive and ungraded and locally shows crude internal layering, basal inverse grading and near-top normal grading of crystals, either erosional or non-erosional lower surfaces, and flat-lying to imbricated grain fabrics. Fragile intraformational clasts of mudstone and tuff are also included. These features provide only ambiguous information on the properties of the responsible pyroclastic density currents: i.e. whether they were dense and laminar or dilute and turbulent. The overall lateral continuity and sheet-like geometry of the tuff suggests, however, that the transport system of the currents was highly expanded, dilute, and turbulent. A plug-flow or slab-flow model cannot explain the origin of crude internal layering, imbricated grain fabrics, and the high crystal content, which is most likely the result of vigorous sorting processes within a dilute and turbulent current. Features indicative of deposition from a dense and laminar transporting medium are locally present, suggesting that a dense and laminar depositional system could develop locally at the base of the dilute and turbulent transport system. The virtual absence of juvenile clasts in the tuff is interpreted to be due to rapid ascent, sudden decompression, and full fragmentation of silicic magma into fine glass shards and crystals. Scarcity of basement-derived accidental components together with the absence of pumiceous fallout deposits beneath the tuff is interpreted to be due to shallow-level fragmentation of magma followed by immediate generation of pyroclastic density currents from shallow-level blasts at the onset of eruption. The eruption occurred through multiple vent sites in a short period of time, producing a seemingly single but actually composite ignimbrite unit. Such an eruption was probably possible because of a regional tectonic event within the basin or in its vicinity. It is proposed that a composite ignimbrite with the characteristics of the Kusandong Tuff can be an exemplary product of syntectonic volcanism that can provide an insight into the interpretation of structural and stratigraphic evolution of a sedimentary basin.     

应用地震时间间隔分布特征进行地震活动趋势判断

本文对吉林省伊通－舒兰断裂带发生的地震，我国南北地震带南段安宁河－滇东地震带的中强地震发震时间间进行统计分析，把每两个发震时间相减得到地震的时间间隔Ｘｉ序列，由Ｘｉ序列求出概率密度函数ｆ（ｘ）或其分布函数Ｆ（ｘ）。     

Soil and plant responses to degradation of alpine grassland in source region of the Yellow River

Land degradation has been rapidly taking place in source region of the Yellow River in China. This study was conducted during 2008 in Maduo County to investigate soil and plant changes in relation to land degradation. Several results were derived from this work. First, the soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) decreased significantly on the extremely degraded land comparing with the natural grassland. Second, soil bulk density increased as land degradation worsened. Soil bulk density of the extremely degraded land was significantly greater than that of the grassland. Third, pH showed no obvious variation pattern. Finally, aboveground biomass decreased from grassland to the moderately degraded land. But aboveground biomass increased on the extremely degraded land and very extremely degraded land with most aboveground biomass inedible for livestock.     

干振碎石桩复合地基处理及其效果

干振碎石桩是处理松软地基土的一种行之有效的方法，它是挤密桩的一种。新乡市地方铁路处仓库场地经干振碎石桩地基处理后，桩间土密实度有明显的提高，液化指数大幅度降低，复合地基承载力相应提高，满足了设计要求。     

1999—2008年中国地区雪密度的时空分布及其影响特征

利用1999—2008年地面积雪观测资料,对全国范围内的雪密度时空分布特征进行分析.结果表明,西北和东北是我国主要的积雪区,从10月到翌年4月基本都有雪存在.全国雪密度每月的最高值从10月份开始到1月份一直南移,从1月份到4月份不断北移.最大密度发生在1月份江南地区的湖南和江西的交界处.江南地区积雪持续时间短,变化明显,属于瞬时性积雪.东北和新疆地区的雪密度也相对较高,积雪持续时间长,雪密度变化相对平稳,大部分属于季节性积雪.在东北和西北地区选取9个站点进行雪密度的变化研究,可以看出:从11月中旬到3月上旬是雪密度稳定期,10月到11月上旬和3月中旬到4月是雪密度非稳定期.对西北和东北的降水、气温、雪深和雪密度做相关分析,表明:雪深是西北和东北地区雪密度的主要贡献因子.