Cenozoic paleo-environmental evolution of the Pamir–Tien Shan convergence zone

The retreat of the Tethys Sea and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau play the critical roles in driving Asian climatic changes during the Cenozoic. In the Pamir–Tien Shan convergence zone, over 3000 m of Cenozoic successions, consisting of marine deposits in the lower, continental clay and fine sand in the middle, and molasse in the upper part, record the evolution of the Tethys Sea, the Asian aridification, and the deformation of the Pamir. In this work, the existing biostratigraphic subdivisions and new electronic spinning resonance dating results were used to assign ages to formations within the Ulugqat section. Sedimentary facies analysis and multi-proxy indices were used to reconstruct the paleo-environmental evolution. The results show: (1) the Pamir–Tien Shan convergence zone has undergone progressive environmental changes from shallow marine before ∼34 Ma to arid land at ∼23 Ma and finally to inter-mountain basin by ∼5.3 Ma; (2) the overall increase in mean size of grains, decrease in redness, in magnetic susceptibility, and in proportion of the ultrafine component of the sediments studied revealed a long-term strengthening in potential energy to transporting medium, cooling, and enhanced continental aridity, respectively; (3) the easternmost edge of the Tethys Sea prevailed in the western Tarim Basin from late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic, and finally retreated from this region around the Eocene–Oligocene transition, which in turn strengthened the Asian aridification; (4) accumulation of molasse with an upper age of ∼1 Ma suggests that the deformation front of the Pamir migrated to this area at or before that time.     

Effect of time-evolving age and convergence rate of the subducting plate on the Cenozoic adakites and boninites

Partial melting of subducting oceanic crust expressed as high-Mg volcanic rocks such as adakites and boninites has been actively studied for decades, and Lee and King (2010) reported that time-evolving subduction parameters such as the age and the subduction rate of the converging oceanic plate play important roles in transient partial melting of the subducting oceanic crust (e.g., Aleutians). However, few subduction model experiments have considered time-evolving subduction parameters, posing problems for studies of transient partial melting of subducting oceanic crust in many subduction zones. Therefore, we constructed two-dimensional kinematic–dynamic subduction models for the Izu–Bonin, Mariana, Northeast Japan, Kuril, Tonga, Java–Sunda, and Aleutian subduction zones that account for the last 50 Myr of their evolution. The models include the time-evolving age and convergence rate of the incoming oceanic plate, so the effect of time-evolving subduction parameters on transient partial melting of oceanic crust can be evaluated. Our model calculations revealed that adakites and boninites in the Izu–Bonin and Aleutian subduction zones resulted from transient partial melting of oceanic crust. However, the steady-state subduction model using current subduction parameters did not produce any partial melting of oceanic crust in the aforementioned subduction zones, indicating that time-evolving subduction parameters are crucial for modeling transient eruption of adakites and boninites. Our model calculations confirm that other geological processes such as forearc extension, back-arc opening, mantle plumes and ridge subduction are required for partial melting of the oceanic crust in the Mariana, Northeast Japan, Tonga, and southeastern Java–Sunda subduction zones.     

青海玉树地区活动断裂与地震

青海玉树是巴颜喀拉地块西南边界上的典型历史强震区。最新的活动断裂遥感解译与地表调查结果表明,该区新构造期间主要发育清水河断裂带、玉树断裂带、阿布多断裂带和杂多断裂带4条NW向左旋走滑活动断裂带。其中,构成玉树—鲜水河—小江断裂系尾端构造的玉树活动断裂带是该区活动性最显著的岩石圈断裂。该断裂是由当江断裂、结古—结隆断裂和巴塘断裂3条斜接的主干断层和夹杂其间的多条次级断裂所共同构成的Z型左旋剪切张扭性变形带。它在上新世以来和晚第四纪期间的左旋走滑速率为4.0~5.4mm/a,调节了该区大部分的块体挤出与旋转变形,并构成该区大震活动的主要控震构造。历史强震梳理和古地震研究揭示,玉树主干走滑断裂带自约14530a BP以来至少发生了包括2010年地震在内的共11次大地震,原地重复间隔平均在千年以上,最长达近3000a。1738年玉树西北地震之后,玉树—甘孜断裂带的主干断层表现为平均间隔为50~100a的低频、串联式分段破裂过程,并且大震活动存在从东南向西北迁移的趋势。通过对玉树断裂未来大地震危险性进行综合地质判定认为,该区至少仍存在6段未来百年内大地震危险程度不同的地震空区,潜在的大地震震级为Mw6.6~7.3,其中危险性相对较高的段落主要是当江断裂带的当江—拉则段和结古—结隆断裂带上的结隆—叶卡诺段与桑卡—相古段。     

藏北龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带发现晚石炭世—早二叠世洋岛型岩石组合

天泉群岛出露于龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带的中西段,也是目前该缝合带上所发现的第一套洋岛型岩石组合。通过野外踏勘、剖面测制等对天泉群岛进行了较为详细的研究,结果显示,天泉群岛由9个孤立、岩石组合不同的洋岛组成,其中独泉沟洋岛、屏风岭洋岛的洋岛组分齐全,见玄武岩、灰岩、砾岩、硅质岩等,其他洋岛的洋岛组分不全。天泉群岛与展金组复理石沉积为整合接触,表明其形成时代为晚石炭世—早二叠世。天泉群岛的厘定,说明龙木错—双湖—澜沧江大洋在晚石炭世—早二叠世仍具有成熟的洋壳。该项研究进一步丰富了龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带的演化内容,为反演区域地质演化历史提供了依据。     

西秦岭舒家坝地区泥盆纪舒家坝群碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄：源区特征与形成时代

以西秦岭舒家坝地区泥盆纪舒家坝群碎屑岩为研究对象,进行碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄研究,探讨其形成时代、物源组成和构造背景。所测样品最小锆石年龄组的年龄加权平均值为413Ma,代表了舒家坝群的沉积下限,结合前人研究的古生物资料将其形成时代限定为中泥盆世。所获碎屑锆石年龄可划分为4个谱段：震旦纪—古生代年龄谱段619~409Ma,峰值为445Ma;新元古代年龄谱段930~735Ma,峰值为849Ma;中元古代年龄谱段1760~1033Ma;新太古代—古元古代年龄谱段3095~2478Ma。综合研究认为,舒家坝群的物源具多元性,包括西秦岭北缘构造带、北祁连造山带东段和华北板块基底,其中北祁连造山带东段和西秦岭北缘构造带是舒家坝群沉积的主要物源区,且后者占主导地位。结合区域地质资料,根据其物源组成特征判断,舒家坝群形成于陆—陆或弧—陆碰撞后由挤压转换为伸展环境的局部裂陷盆地。     

藏北羌塘中部日湾茶卡地区花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄与地球化学特征

报道了藏北羌塘中部日湾茶卡地区花岗闪长岩体锆石U-Pb年龄和岩石地球化学特征。该花岗闪长岩位于龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带西段。岩石样品中的锆石具有较好的晶形,可见典型的岩浆振荡环带结构,具有较高的Th/U值,为典型的岩浆成因锆石。样品锆石LA-ICP-MS技术测得的锆石年龄为211.0Ma±1.8Ma,表明其时代为晚三叠世。全岩地球化学分析表明,该花岗闪长岩具有高Si O2、Al2O3,富碱,低TFe2O3、Ti O2的特征,A/CNK值为0.97~1.04,为准铝质—弱过铝质岩石。稀土元素配分模式显示,配分曲线右倾,伴随较弱的Eu负异常;微量元素蛛网图表现出Nb、Ta、Ti、P亏损和Rb、Th、U、K、Pb富集的特征;样品点在构造环境判别图解上均落入碰撞型花岗岩区。初步分析,其岩浆来源可能为幔源岩浆底侵使古老地壳发生熔融。此碰撞型花岗闪长岩对龙木错—双湖—澜沧江洋碰撞的时限提供了一定的岩石学约束,为龙木错—双湖—澜沧江洋的演化提供了基础地质资料。     

四川自然重砂异常特征及其成矿潜力响应

在自然重砂数据库系统(ZSAPS2.0)平台下,通过对四川省1∶20万自然重砂测量数据中的全省自然重砂矿物进行整理、统计和分析,开展了四川省自然重砂异常圈定及异常区带划分。结合四川省矿产资源潜力评价工作相关信息认为,自然重砂异常在矿产预测中具有一定的指示作用,部分具有较好的成矿潜力,所划分的自然重砂异常可作为全省开展相应矿种找矿工作部署的综合信息之一,可为省级找矿预测提供指导性信息。     

降雨入渗补给地下水数值模拟研究

针对在地下水资源评价中入渗补给量采用经验估算存在较大误差的问题,以神东矿区为例,在广泛调查矿区包气带岩性结构并结合野外取样、室内参数测定的基础上,采用数值模拟的方法建立包气带水分运移数值模拟模型,定量模拟矿区内不同地段降雨入渗强度,探讨影响降雨入渗强度的主要因素,计算得出研究区降雨入渗系数大致在0.18~0.27,分析认为影响降雨入渗强度的因素有降雨量、潜水埋深、包气带岩性等。其中在研究区广泛分布的风积沙对地下水资源起到了一定的保护作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延川南区块目的煤层含气性分析

为计算鄂尔多斯盆地延川南区块煤层气资源量、甄选有利区带及确定先导性试验井组的部署,对全区探井的煤层含气性进行综合分析。结果显示:区块内煤层气含量为5.54~19.56m3/t;兰氏体积为13.59~33.78m3/t,兰氏压力为2.06~3.72MPa,含气饱和度为41.48%~92.19%;临储压力比为19.18%~84.28%。区块整体含气性显示较好,开发较为有利,其中以包括Y3、Y6等井在内的万宝山构造带为煤层气开发的最有利区带。     

Influence of carbonate facies on fault zone architecture

Normal faults on Malta were studied to analyse fault propagation and evolution in different carbonate facies. Deformation of carbonate facies is controlled by strength, particle size and pore structure. Different deformation styles influence the damage characteristics surrounding faults, and therefore the fault zone architecture. The carbonates were divided into grain- and micrite-dominated carbonate lithofacies. Stronger grain-dominated carbonates show localised deformation, whereas weaker micrite-dominated carbonates show distributed deformation. The weaker micrite-dominated carbonates overlie stronger grain-dominated carbonates, creating a mechanical stratigraphy. A different architecture of damage, the ‘Fracture Splay Zone’ (FSZ), is produced within micrite-dominated carbonates due to this mechanical stratigraphy. Strain accumulates at the point of juxtaposition between the stronger grain-dominated carbonates in the footwall block and the weaker micrite-dominated carbonates in the hanging wall block. New slip surfaces nucleate and grow from these points, developing an asymmetric fault damage zone segment. The development of more slip surfaces within a single fault zone forms a zone of intense deformation, bound between two slip surfaces within the micrite-dominated carbonate lithofacies (i.e., the FSZ). Rather than localisation onto a single slip surface, allowing formation of a continuous fault core, the deformation will be dispersed along several slip surfaces. The dispersed deformation can create a highly permeable zone, rather than a baffle/seal, in the micrite-dominated carbonate lithofacies. The formation of a Fracture Splay Zone will therefore affect the sealing potential of the fault zone. The FSZ, by contrast, is not observed in the majority of the grain-dominated carbonates.