Numerical modeling of fluid‐driven fractures in cohesive poroelastoplastic continuum

In this article, we investigate the main parameters that influence the propagation of a fluid‐driven fracture in a poroelastoplastic continuum. These parameters include the cohesive zone, the stress anisotropy, and the pore pressure field. The fracture is driven in a permeable porous domain that corresponds to weak formation by pumping of an incompressible viscous fluid at the fracture inlet under plane strain conditions. Rock deformation is modeled with the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion with associative flow rule. Fluid flow in the fracture is modeled by the lubrication theory. The movement of the pore fluid in the surrounding medium is assumed to obey the Darcy law and is of the same nature as the fracturing fluid. The cohesive zone approach is used as the fracture propagation criterion. The problem is modeled numerically with the finite element method to obtain the solution for the fracture length, the fracture opening, and the propagation pressure as a function of the time and distance from the pumping inlet. It is demonstrated that the plastic yielding that is associated with the rock dilation in an elastoplastic saturated porous continuum is significantly affected by the cohesive zone characteristics, the stress anisotropy, and the pore pressure field. These influences result in larger fracture profiles and propagation pressures due to the larger plastic zones that are developing during the fracture propagation. Furthermore, it is also found that the diffusion process that is a major mechanism in hydraulic fracture operations influences further the obtained results on the fracture dimensions, plastic yielding, and fluid pressures. These findings may explain partially the discrepancies in net pressures between field measurements and conventional model predictions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河南鹤壁地区太原组有孔虫动物群及石炭-二叠系界限的探讨

通过对华北地台河南鹤壁地区太原组有孔虫动物群的系统研究,共鉴定出有孔虫化石18属33种,建立了一个区域性有孔虫动物组合带：Bradyina—Palaeotextularia组合带,根据有孔虫化石的属种类型、数量,应用数理统计方法得出组合带有孔虫化石在地层中的比例变化情况,并根据化石组合带与国内其它地区的有孔虫动物群进行对比研究,认为鹤壁剖面有孔虫动物群Bradyina—Palaeotextularia组合带归于晚石炭世晚期的早期（C2^2-）,进而对研究区石炭-二叠系界线的划分进行探讨,界限应该放在第16层（泥岩）和第15层（灰岩）之间。     

祁连山东南段加里东造山期构造变形年代的精确限定及其意义

祁连山东南段呈北西-南东向展布着加里东期中祁连造山带和拉脊山造山带, 其基底为前加里东变质岩系, 在该变质结晶基底岩系中发育着菱形网格状韧性剪切带, 共轭韧性剪切带面对缩短方向的夹角为104°~114°, 其最大主应力方位为SW210°左右.在中祁连地块金沙峡和化隆地块科却两处韧性剪切带中的糜棱岩化岩石, 获取变质矿物白云母40Ar-39Ar坪年龄分别为(405.1±2.4) Ma和(418.3±2.8) Ma.这一年代学结果不仅确定了加里东基底变质岩系中韧性剪切带是加里东造山作用过程中形成, 更重要的是通过对基底韧性剪切带中变质变形岩石的年代学研究, 精确地限定了祁连山东南段的早古生代火山盆地(或岛弧盆地)、拉脊山小洋盆关闭的构造年代.这为造山带构造演化过程中盆地关闭时间的确定开辟了新的途径.      

皖浙赣断裂带的界定及其基本特征

以往文献中及众多研究者所指的“皖浙赣断裂带”实际上包括了不同时代形成的、方向有变化的多组规模巨大的区域性断裂带;最早的断裂带形成于新元古代,最晚的形成于晚中生代。在地壳演化过程中,随着构造应力场的变化,不同时代的断裂带方向变化较大,新元古代晋宁期为北东向,早古生代加里东期为近东西向—北东东向,晚中生代为北北东向;每一期断裂带都有它们自己的大地构造背景和指示意义。文中认为,不同阶段形成的断裂带不能混为一谈。新元古代晋宁期的北东向断裂带南段基本上以赣东北蛇绿混杂岩带为代表,向北东延至皖南伏川断裂带,具有板块(或地体)边界断裂的性质;加里东期以近东西向祁门—歙县断裂带为代表,其西段被后期牵引成北东向,造成两侧的变质基底特征明显不同;二者均不属于皖浙赣断裂带的组成部分。而通常意义上所指的具有区域控岩控矿作用的皖浙赣断裂带,是晚中生代北北东向的赣东北—五城—歙县—绩溪—宁国断裂带,控制了侏罗—白垩纪红色盆地及燕山期岩浆岩的形成和分布,是一条具有控矿作用的重要的构造岩浆岩带。     

Monitoring Crustal Movement of the Coastal Zone in Eastern China with GPS Technique

In this paper, various dominating factors affecting crustal movement of the coastal zone in eastern China are analyzed, and major characteristics of crustal movement are summarized. Subduction of the pacific plate and Philippine plate and southeastward “escape“ of Qinghai-Tibet plateau are believed to be dominating factors affecting crustal movement of that zone. Undoubtedly, it is a best way to monitor this kind of large-scale crustal movement with GPS technique. The feasibility of monitoring crustal m...     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔1200米构造柱及变形构造初步解析

在利用成象测井资料准确地恢复岩心空间位置的基础上，建立了位于江苏省东海县毛北村的中国大陆科学钻探主孔岩心1200m精细构造柱。划分了由榴辉岩与超镁铁质岩组成的第一岩性-构造单元及由副片麻岩夹榴辉岩与超镁铁质岩透镜体组成的第二岩性-构造单元，自上而下岩石的面理产状由向东陡倾变为向南东缓倾。第一岩性-构造单元的榴辉岩与超镁铁质岩是毛北榴辉岩杂岩体的组成部分，在榴辉岩中发现以南北向拉伸线理及由北往南的剪切指向为特征的超高压变质岩早期变形举止。位于第二岩性一构造单元下部(770-1130m深度)300多米厚的韧性剪切带是地表出露的毛北韧性剪切带在孔下的延伸，剪切应变及石英组构分析表明，在伴随的退变质角闪岩相一绿帘角闪岩相一绿片岩相的转换过程中，剪切应变由自SE往NW的“逆冲”转为NW向SE的正向滑移。结合钻孔围区地质，重塑了上部由毛北榴辉岩杂岩体与副片麻岩围岩组成的轴面向SE倾斜的同斜倒转褶皱系，以及下部为韧性剪切带的构造模型。钻孔验证了VSP地震反射剖面中850-1200m深度的强反射层与韧性剪切带相吻合。结合苏鲁超高压变质地体的折返构造的研究，提出该构造模型的成因与折返阶段超高压变质地体的斜向上的挤出及后折返阶段的穹隆形成有关。     

辽宁红透山铜锌块状硫化物矿床的变质变形和成矿组分再活化

辽宁红透山铜-锌块状硫化物产在太古宙绿岩带中，矿床形成后经历了强烈的变形和变质，变质程度达高级角闪岩相。野外和显微镜研究表明，矿石在进变质过程中发生过强烈的机械再活化和重结晶，但各种进变质结构大部分已被变质峰期的全面重结晶所清除，目前保存着的结构主要是变质峰期和退变质过程的产物。退变质过程以黄铁矿变斑晶生长、矿石糜棱岩的形成、二次退火和化学再活化为特征。矿床中高度富集铜和金的矿石是韧性剪切形成的矿石糜棱岩受退变质流体叠加而成。磁黄铁矿主要是同生沉积后重结晶的产物，另有一部分由退变质热液形成，而黄铁矿变斑晶则有沉积一重结晶、磁黄铁矿退变质脱硫和热液叠加多种成因。世界各地块状硫化物矿床中的磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿各有三种成因类型。磁黄铁矿的类型有：同生沉积．变质重结晶、同生沉积黄铁矿变质和退变质热液充填或交代；黄铁矿的类型有：同生沉积-变质重结晶、磁黄铁矿退变质脱硫和退变质热液充填或交代。红透山矿区的退变质流体具有从早到晚氧逸度升高的趋势。     

铧厂沟金矿床区域韧性剪切带特征

首次对铧厂沟金矿床区域韧性剪切带进行了较为系统的研究。根据野外地质调查和室内显微构造分析 ,区内发育一条较大区域韧性剪切带 ,无论沿走向还是顺倾向均呈舒缓波状 ,强变形带和弱变形域呈镶嵌形式。区域韧性剪切带经历了右行—左行—右行多期 (次 )活动 ,剪切方位也多次变化 ;早期形成温度约 5 0 0℃ ,以右行剪切为主 ,古应力值大于 0 .0 75GPa。控矿韧脆性剪切带是区域韧性剪切带演化的产物 ,最终形成脆性断裂。区域韧性剪切作用控制矿床、矿带的分布 ,并使部分金从矿源层分溢出来 ,产生第一阶段金的富集。次级韧脆性剪切带 (控矿剪切带 )控制富矿体的分布。因此 ,铧厂沟金矿床可称为韧性剪切带型金矿床。另外 ,中 -下泥盆统三河口群第一岩段第一岩层 (D1 -2 SH1a)部分原岩有明显海底热水同沉积特征 ;在矿床之西万家山—张家山应注意寻找硅化石英粗糜棱岩型金矿石。     

Low-grade metamorphic rocks from the Pulur complex,NE Turkey: implications for the pre-Liassic evolution of the Eastern Pontides

In the Pulur complex (Sakarya Zone, Eastern Pontides, Turkey) a low-grade tectonometamorphic unit (Doankavak) is exposed in three tectonic windows beneath a complex medium-pressure high-temperature metamorphic unit of late Carboniferous age. The thrust plane between both units is transgressively covered by Liassic conglomerates. The Doankavak unit comprises a sequence of metabasites with MORB-type chemical compositions and phyllites, with subordinate calcareous phyllites, marbles, quarzofeldspathic schists and metacherts. This sequence is interpreted as a former accretionary complex related to the consumption of the Palaeotethys. Mineral parageneses in the metabasites allow for the distinction of two domains with slightly different peak metamorphic conditions, i.e. 375–425 °C/0.5–0.8 GPa (greenschist facies) and 400–470 °C/0.6–1.1 GPa (albite-epidote amphibolite facies). The age of metamorphism is constrained at ~ 260 Ma (early Late Permian) by two Rb-Sr mineral-whole rock ages (hornblende, phengite) and one ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar single step total fusion age (phengite). In conjunction with previous data on other accretionary complexes in the Sakarya zone in Northern Turkey, the data presented in this study suggest a continuous subduction of the Palaeotethys at least from Early/Late Permian to Late Triassic and a discontinuous preservation of accretion complexes in both space and time.     

次生孔隙发育带的概念及石油地质意义新认识

在对次生孔隙带和次生孔隙发育带概念中存在问题分析的基础上,重新阐述了次生孔隙带、次生孔隙发育带、孔隙度高值带、孔隙度低值带等术语的含义,分析了东营凹陷民丰洼陷沙三中-沙四段近岸水下扇砂砾岩储层次生孔隙发育带特征,并探讨了次生孔隙正确识别及次生孔隙发育带对中深层油气勘探的指导意义。次生孔隙应该专指岩石在埋藏过程中形成的新孔隙,在识别储集空间类型时应将原始粒间孔隙和其周围颗粒溶解形成的新孔隙区分为原生孔隙和次生孔隙。次生孔隙带指孔隙度-深度剖面中有次生孔隙发育的带,在纵向上对应于某一深度范围,横向上表现为某一孔隙度区间。次生孔隙发育带指次生孔隙体积分数大于50%的高孔隙度储层集中发育带。次生孔隙发育带包括3层含义：第一,次生孔隙发育带内储层次生孔隙体积分数大于50%;第二,次生孔隙发育带内储层孔隙度高于有效储层孔隙度下限;第三,高孔隙度储层在孔隙度-深度剖面中某一深度范围内集中成带,孔隙度包络线明显向孔隙度高值方向凸出。东营凹陷民丰洼陷沙三中-沙四段近岸水下扇砂砾岩储层纵向上发育4个次生孔隙发育带,其深度分别为2 800~3 500 m、3 750~4 050 m、4 300~4 500 m、4 700~4 900 m。次生孔隙发育带和孔隙度高值带是中深层油气勘探的重要目标,但是,分析认为现今孔隙度[CD*2]深度剖面中孔隙度低值带可能是一直被忽视的油气勘探目标。