Considering river structure and stability in the light of evolution: feedbacks between riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphology

River ecological functioning can be conceptualized according to a four‐dimensional framework, based on the responses of aquatic and riparian communities to hydrogeomorphic constraints along the longitudinal, transverse, vertical and temporal dimensions of rivers. Contemporary riparian vegetation responds to river dynamics at ecological timescales, but riparian vegetation, in one form or another, has existed on Earth since at least the Middle Ordovician (c. 450 Ma) and has been a significant controlling factor on river geomorphology since the Late Silurian (c. 420 Ma). On such evolutionary timescales, plant adaptations to the fluvial environment and the subsequent effects of these adaptations on fluvial sediment and landform dynamics resulted in the emergence, from the Silurian to the Carboniferous, of a variety of contrasted fluvial biogeomorphic types where water flow, morphodynamics and vegetation interacted to different degrees. Here we identify several of these types and describe the consequences for biogeomorphic structure and stability (i.e. resistance and resilience), along the four river dimensions, of feedbacks between riparian plants and hydrogeomorphic processes on contrasting ecological and evolutionary timescales. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国地震台网初至P波区域三维走时表的建立

基于LLNL-G3Dv3全球P波三维速度模型,应用FMM软件包计算并建立了中国地震台网990个台站的初至P波区域三维走时表．该走时表覆盖了以台站为中心的水平向20°×20°、 垂直向-5.1—80 km （向下为正）的三维空间. 其水平向间隔为0.2°,垂直向间隔为5 km．这样对于任一深度小于80 km的震源,均可以应用此三维走时表计算其到周围10°范围内台站的走时．中国地震台网初至P波区域三维走时表的建立,对于改善区域初至P波走时预测,提高地震定位精度有一定现实意义．      

生态脆弱区资源型城市生态环境影响评价与调控

采用主分量分析评估模型法,对西部生态脆弱区的资源型城市鄂尔多斯市在2003-2011年时间序列内的城市生态环境影响进行了评价与分析。结果表明：鄂尔多斯城市生态系统整体处于不稳定的发展状态,其中生态质量子系统的发展水平一直处于稳步上升、逐步改善的趋势;环境质量子系统的发展水平呈现出先下降、再上升、再下降的整体下降趋势;环境治理子系统的发展水平总体处于稳步上升、中间略有波动的趋势;综合来看,鄂尔多斯城市生态环境影响的总发展水平处于整体上升、中间略有波动的状态。     

智慧低碳城镇研究进展

智慧低碳城镇是城市健康可持续发展研究的热点和前沿。本文利用文献计量方法和通过对相关文献资料的回顾,梳理总结了智慧低碳城镇的研究概况、含义、测度方法和指标体系、应用实践、基本模式和主要政策。结果表明：智慧低碳城镇研究尚处于初期起步阶段,虽然众多应用实践已进入规划、试点和示范阶段,政策支持也不断充足完善,但迄今尚无确切统一的定义,缺乏通用性和权威性的指标体系,发展机制和模式研究较少。因此,未来应在明晰基本含义的基础上,构建适用的测度评价体系,并注重相应的动力机制、模式路径和模拟优化调控研究,为城市的健康可持续发展提供科学依据。     

甘肃省城市化与土地集约利用耦合协调发展

土地集约利用能够促进城市化健康发展,而城市化水平又影响着土地集约利用水平,两者的耦合协调程度是影响城市发展的关键因素。本文对甘肃省12个地级市进行实证研究,构建城市化与土地集约利用的耦合协调发展度模型,定量评价两者之间的耦合协调发展状况,并且利用地理空间分析工具进行空间聚类分析。结果表明:多数市已经从拮抗期过渡到磨合期,但是还没有进入协调期,说明甘肃省城市化与土地集约利用之间还未完全达到完全协调发展的程度;甘肃省城市化与土地集约利用的耦合协调发展度普遍较低,从2003年开始呈现出逐年扩张的趋势。     

Use of fly ash with no water consumption for cold regions transportation infrastructure

The construction period in cold regions is very short due to problems related to excavation and use of frozen soils in embankment construction, which leads to excessive deformations upon thawing. Also, handling of compaction water is critical due to freezing temperatures. Coalburning thermal power plants are very common in cold regions to supply electricity. The inorganic part of the pulverized coal after burning produces fly ash, which is available in large volumes. Due to excavation difficulties and the poor engineering behavior of frozen soils in cold regions, the utilization of fly ash when it is readily available must be promoted. Any construction technique which utilizes alternative materials like fly ash and minimizes water consumption has a potential to extend the short construction season and even allow service and maintenance during extreme weather conditions. This paper presents two potential techniques to solve the moisture affinity of silt-sized materials like fly ash. One technique involves in-plant production of fly ash pellets using cold-bonding pelletization to manufacture aggregates of up to 40,000-μm diameter from 15- to 60-μm-diameter fly ash grains. Large disc pelletizers have annual production capacities of up to one million ton at a reasonable cost. The product has adequate strength for embankment construction even when no water is used and no compaction is applied. The second technique is an in situ mixing technique which uses snow instead of compaction water for fly ash. The snow is the main element in this technique to compact the embankment. Water is needed for the hydration reactions to form cementitious minerals in fly ash. The slower the hydration reaction, the greater the crystal growth of cementitious minerals. In the proposed technique, in situ snow is mixed with fly ash and is compacted on-site. The temperature increase due to the hydration reaction of fly ash upon contact with snow crystals provides water for continued long-term hydration, which results in high strength, a high void ratio, light weight, and high thermal insulation capability. The presented techniques have the potential to extend the short construction season in cold regions and will provide fill material, decreasing the need for excavation. Both techniques are well documented under laboratory conditions, the research results have been published, and the techniques are ready for field trials to assess implementability.     

The effects of land consolidation on the ecological connectivity based on ecosystem service value: A case study of Da’an land consolidation project in Jilin province

Land consolidation has a profound impact on landscape patterns and ecological functions at various scales through engineering and biological measures. In recent years, China invests more than 100 billion RMB yuan on land consolidation each year. To understand how land consolidation affects landscape patterns and ecosystems, we investigated the ecosystem service value and the ecological connectivity in a consolidated area of Da’an city from 2008 to 2014 using a revised ecological connectivity index. The results indicated that land consolidation has certain negative influences on the ecosystem services in this area. The total ecosystem service value will decrease by nearly 30% in the late stage of consolidation. This decrease is caused by the loss of ecosystem service of the wetland and grassland, despite a sensible increase of cultivated land. In addition, land consolidation could change the ecological connectivity as well as the land use structure. Up to 85% of the entire area will be in low connectivity in the late stage of consolidation, representing a 6.23% increase in the total coverage compared to pre-consolidation. Finally, the different connectivity landscape and their key areas can be identified by the revised ecological connectivity index effectively. This study is helpful to trace out the relationships between landscape pattern and ecological process, and provides insights for ecological planning and designing of land consolidation in this area. We suggest that more attentions should be paid to improve the quality and ecosystem service value per unit area of the landscape, to establish ecological compensation mechanism of wetland losses, and to create the ecological corridors along the least accumulated impendence surface in the key areas during land consolidation.     

山西省城镇空间分布特征Voronoi图建模分析

随着我国新型城镇化规划的实施,如何识别城镇发展的不均衡,以及产生这些差异的原因已成为城镇化建设亟待解决的问题。本文利用Voronoi图的空间剖分特性,将城市中心性强度作为权重引入模型,建立山西省地级市加权Voronoi图,分析其空间影响范围,以判断山西省地级市发展的合理性和局限性;利用Delaunay图发现城市“空洞”,结合道路河流等矢量信息,通过叠加分析识别出待优先发展城镇;通过常规Voronoi图和变异系数C_v值判断本文模型的合理性和可行性。研究发现,山西省太原市的空间影响范围较大,导致周边地级市东西部发展较为不均衡;繁峙县、灵石县、新绛县条件较好,可以优先发展;通过常规Voronoi图和C_v值验证表明,本文所得结论与实际检验相符合。     

软土地基上影响预应力钢筒混凝土管相对转角关键因素研究

预应力钢筒混凝土输水管线(PCCP)已广泛应用于地下输水工程,特别是南水北调工程。管道接口属于半刚性结构,相邻管道可产生一定的自由转角,在自由转角范围内两管之间不会产生内力。当相对转角大于自由转角时,两管会产生相互作用力,作用力过大会导致PCCP管的破坏,如何有效地控制不均匀软土地基上相邻管道转角成为研究管道安全的关键问题之一。首先分析了导致PCCP管线产生相对转角的机制,结合现场试验和数值分析对控制PCCP管线相对转角的关键因素进行研究。研究表明,相对转角的敏感因素为管道底部碎石垫层厚度、腰部以下砂垫层（砂包角）厚度和压实度,随着碎石垫层厚度增大、砂垫层（砂包角）厚度和压实度增加,管线相对转角降低,通过控制这3个因素可有效控制PCCP管的相对转角。研究成果可为软土地基上PCCP输水工程设计提供依据和指导。     

近邻桩基施工对城市地铁隧道的影响分析

近邻桩基施工会对盾构隧道产生较大的不利影响,试桩过程中对试桩周围土体深层水平位移、隧道结构竖向位移和沉降进行了现场监测。监测结果表明,隧道结构竖向位移和水平位移缓慢增加,对桩体周边土体产生扰动;管片位移最大值发生在与试桩相对应的剖面上;随着试桩距离的增加,管片沉降和最大水平位移减小。管片以发生水平位移为主,沉降约为水平位移的0.5倍。在隧道埋深范围内,深层土体水平位移向隧道方向移动;隧道埋深范围以下,土层的水平位移向远离隧道方向移动。试桩实践表明,采用全套管钢套管护壁旋挖取土工艺,并在施工过程中对盾构隧道和周围土体进行动态信息化监测的施工方法能较好地预警、控制施工风险,得到的结论可以为相似工程的施工提供指导和参考。