A Lagrangian mean theory on coastal sea circulation with inter-tidal transports I. Fundamentals

A brief review is made on the theory of the Lagrangian residual circulation and inter-tidal transports in a convectively weakly nonlinear system. In the review the emphasis is put on the systematical development of the theory and its weakness of convectively weakly nonlinear approximation. The fundamentals of a Lagrangian tidally-averaged theory on circulation with inter-tidal transport processes have been proposed for a general nonlinear coastal/estuarine system. The Lagrangian residual velocity is strictly de- fined, and it has been verified to be able to embody the velocity field of circulation. A new concept of the concentration for inter- tidal transport processes is presented. The concentration describing the inter-tidal transport processes should be a ＂Lagrangian inter-tidal concentration＂ defined and named, but not the Eulcrian tidally-averaged concentration used traditionally. The circulation described here contains a set of infinite temporal-spatial fields of velocity/concentration, each of which corresponds to a specific value of tidal phases varying continuously over one tidal cycle. When the convectively weakly nonlinear condition（ with a smaller order of eddy diffusion and sources） is approximately satisfied, a set of infinite temporal-spatial fields of velocity/concentration can be reduced to a single one.. the mass transport velocity/the Eulerian tidally averaged concentration as exhibited traditionally.     

The evidence for the existence of methane seepages in the northern South China Sea: abnormal high methane concentrations in bottom waters

The methane concentration of water samples at five stations collected by the CTD rosette water sampler in the areas of southwest Dongsha Islands and the Xisha Trough was analyzed by the gas-stripping method on aboard ship. It shows abnormal high methane concentrations in near bottom water samples at three stations. In the southwest Dongsha Islands area, the methane conc.entration of 4. 25 and 10. 64 nmol/dm3 occurs in near bottom water samples at Stas E105A and El06, respectively. In the Xisha Trough area, the high methane concentrations of 5. 17, 8.48 and 8.70 nmol/dm3 in water depths of 1 750, 1 900 and 2 050 m, respectively, have been observed at Sta. F413. It is believed that the abnormal high methane concentrations are generated from the leakage of methane from sediments. Combining with previous geophysical and geochemical data from these two areas, this was probably related to the submarine gas hydrates decomposition and cold seep system. In May 2007, gas hydrate samples were successfully obtained by the drilling in the Shenhu Sea area located in the southwest Dongsha Islands area. It is called for further drilling surveys to confirm the existence of gas hydrate and cold seep system in the Xisha Trough as early as possible.     

The effects of tropical storm Dennis on coastal phytoplankton

The effects of tropical storm Dennis were documented in the coastal waters of South Carolina during August 1981. Phytoplankton photosynthesis vs. irradiance curves showed initial depression of the parameter a followed by three- to five-fold increase of both a and the asymptotic maximum rate of photosynthesis P_m^B. Productivity rates were depressed in most samples immediately after the storm. Surface samples at the inshore stations were around 50 mg C m^?3 h^?1 at saturating light intensities, while the offshore station rates were around 10 mg C m^?3 h^?1. After a 10-day lag these rates had increased to about 200 mg C m^?3 h^?1 inshore and 75 mg C m^?3 h^?1 offshore. These changes are thought to be primarily caused by changes in species composition. Some of the dominant diatom species changed and dinoflagellate species were introduced. No significant changes in nutrient concentrations were observed. Transient depressions of water temperature, salinity and light intensity may have contributed to the observed changes.     

Dissolved copper, lead and cadmium in Pingtan waters, East China Sea

mODUCTIONTheislandsOfHaitan,Yuo,Dalian,DowiangandCaoguinPingtanCoUntyofFu-jianProvincearetogetherthewhtoasPingtan(25'l5'-25o45'E,l19"32'-12o"lo'N,EaStChinaSea).AmngthemHaitangIslanisthedrinoneinPingtanCotmty,andthelargestinFuianProvince.RngtanhaSanatuIalfishinggroUn(SeduMOUntaln)beingrenownedboghoutthecOUnnyandawelldeVfoPedaqUacultUreindusny.Pingtanwa-tersresotirceswerestirveyedforthefirsttimebytheauthorssothattheknowedgegainedcanbeaPPliedforbettereaploitahon,PIDechon,andde…     

A new pomfret species,Pampus minor sp. nov. (Stromateidae) from Chinese waters

Thirty-two 63.0–134.4 mm standard length specimens collected during 1954–1990 from the coastal waters of the South China Sea and the continental coast of the Taiwan Strait were identified as a new species,Pampus minor Liuet Li, sp. nov. Contribution No. 3329 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Study supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences Special Grant for Biota Research.     

菲尔德斯半岛南部邻近海域石油污染的初步研究

本文首次报道了菲尔德斯半岛南部邻近海域的水样和生物样石油污染状况。表层水样的测定结果表明 ,调查海域已受到明显的石油污染。在所调查的各站位 ,中国长城站前海湾受油污最轻 ,水样油的浓度略高于中国《海水水质标准》规定的第三类水质最高容许浓度 ,为 5 1 2 .2 5 μg/L;智利站前和海豹湾受油污最重 ,分别达 41 49.2 3 μg/L和 41 6 9.72 μg/L,约比长城站前海水含量高 8倍。几种海洋生物受污染程度不一 ,潮间带生物受油污明显高于鱼类。鉴于调查海域已受到明显的油污染 ,且进入南极水域后消除不易 ,为保护南极生态环境 ,很有必要开展油的净化规律 ,以及石油污染对生态系统影响等的研究。     

The 1980/1981 phytoplankton cycle in the coastal waters off Connemara,Ireland

The results of a phytoplankton survey conducted in coastal waters off western Ireland in 1980/1981 are reported. Surface values of temperature, salinity, NO₃N, PO₄P, Si, total N, total P and chlorophyll a (Chla) collected at 6 stations during 14 cruises are presented along with the species composition of the net phytoplankton.The spring bloom occurred in late April and was dominated by diatoms. Between April and July further diatom blooms occurred. In July and August dinoflagellates were dominant. This change was associated with the stratification of offshore water and low concentrations of Chla and nutrients. In Autumn large blooms of Ceratium tripos were found; it is suggested that the cause was heavy freshwater runoff. In autumn and winter some warm water oceanic species (e.g. Oxytoxum scolopax) occurred.     

Hydrogeochemical evaluation of Western Anatolian mineral waters

Turkey lies on the Alpine-Himalayan belt which is one of the most important geothermal belts in the World. Therefore, there are numerous mineral waters in Anatolia where geological and tectonic activities are intense. Archeological studies conducted in Anatolia, which is the cradle of various civilizations, reveal the fact that mineral water has been used as a spa in many areas.The scope of this study is to evaluate mineral waters in Western Anatolia and their use in thermal resorts for balneological purposes. In this respect, 50 thermal waters used in spa centers were analyzed for various physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters.Among the 50 waters tested, 40 are thermomineral waters while 10 are acratothermal waters. Some of these waters have distinct chemical compositions. Their temperatures are between 21 and 90 °C. Various types of mineral water source occur within this region: 5 of these are sulfurous, 1 has carbon dioxide, 29 have fluorine, 1 has iodine and 3 are saliferous. The thermomineral sources with saline characteristics have balneotherapy potential for treating skin illnesses including psoriasis and rheumatological illnesses.Some waters with appreciable bicarbonate and sulfate concentrations can also be used for balneotherapy; for example for use as a cure for chronic inflammatory diseases of gastrointestinal and urinary systems. They could also be used as a cure for prophylactic and metaphylactic treatment of urolithiasis.However, among 38 sampling sites, 12 sites are bacteriologically contaminated. This indicates that regulations governing the protection of such zones are not properly enforced and that water sources within these regions are not sufficiently protected or inspected.     

Chemical composition of low temperature (<20–40 °C) thermal waters in Slovenia

Low-temperature thermal waters (<20–40 °C) from Mesozoic carbonate formations of Outer and Inner Dinarides which outcrop along the margins of small Tertiary basins, are characterised by low content (commonly <500 mg/l) of total dissolved solids and the dominance of calcium-(magnesium) bicarbonate hydrogeochemical facies. Trace elements occur in the ppb to ppt range, and can be substantially enriched in carbon dioxide-rich thermomineral waters. Contacts of thermal waters with clastic sediments affect the abundance of many trace elements, like B, Ni, Mn, Fe, Se, Sr, Ba, REE and Th. The U/Th ratios are commonly very high for the waters from carbonate aquifers, although the U abundance is in the range of some ppb. The influence of clastic sediments is reflected in an increased abundance of Th, and therefore much lower U/Th ratio. Some waters are rich in strontium (over 1 ppm), which probably originates from aragonite in Cretaceous carbonate rocks.     

Bottled natural mineral waters in Romania

Different from drinking water supplied by the municipal network or from other bottled waters, all of which undergo some kind of prior treatment in order to become potable, the natural mineral water is an ecologically pure product, that by virtue of its composition may induce beneficial health effects. According to the EC Directive 80/777, the main criteria used for defining the natural mineral water refer to its original purity and its adequate protection against any pollution hazard. In Romania, mineral water consumption is an old tradition. The geological setting and the existence of unpolluted areas favored the development of mineral water sources of an outstanding quality, many of which include also carbon dioxide in natural state. The present work presents the main sources of bottled mineral water in Romania, classified as a function of total mineral content, ionic composition and carbon dioxide content. There are also forwarded forecasts concerning the medium term evolution of the structure of the bottled mineral water market in Romania.