Pipe Service Age Effect on Chlorine Decay in Drinking‐Water Transmission and Distribution Systems

Maintaining acceptable quality of water transported in the transmission and distribution system requires the chlorination of water beyond the treatment plant. While flowing through pipes, the chlorine concentration decreases for different reasons. Reaction with the pipe material itself and the reaction with both the biofilm and tubercles formed on the pipe wall are known as pipe wall demand. This varies with pipe parameters. The aim of this paper was to assess the impact of the service age of pipes on the chlorine wall decay constant. One hundred and fifty three pipe sections of different sizes and four different pipe materials were collected and tested for their chlorine first‐order wall decay constants. The results showed that pipe service age was an important factor that must not be ignored. For the range of the 55 years of pipe service age used in this study, the change in the wall decay ranged from 8 to 531% of the corresponding values in the recently installed pipes. The effect of service age on the wall decay constants was most evident in steel pipes. Other important findings were reached.     

Effect of hysteretic smoothness on inelastic response spectra with constant‐ductility

This paper presents an efficient methodology for computing constant‐ductility inelastic response spectra. The computation of constant‐ductility spectra involves numerical root‐finding algorithms to find the strongest structure providing a desired ductility response. Smooth inelastic structural behavior is modeled using a first‐order nonlinear differential equation and the transient structural response is solved using an implicit algorithm requiring Newton iterations at each time step. For structural models with smooth hysteretic behavior (not piece‐wise linear), a simple root‐finding method involving a combination of hyperbolic fits, linear interpolation, and Newton's method converges upon the highest strength (conservative) solution with a small number of iterations. The effect of the hysteretic smoothness on the occurrence of multiple roots is examined for two near‐fault and two far‐fault earthquake records, and for two measures of ductility and for normalized hysteretic energy. The results indicate how the smoothness of the hysteretic behavior affects ductility demand and constant‐ductility response spectra. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于异常线圈的时间域AEM系统测试和标定方法研究

为了检验和测试时间域航空电磁系统的测量精度和有效性,采用地面铺设闭合的异常线圈模拟地下有限导体的方法,将异常线圈的电磁响应理论值与系统实测数据进行拟合分析,来确定系统误差和飞行几何参数误差.在计算异常线圈电磁响应的基础上,研究了衰减曲线、剖面曲线与线圈的电性、几何参数关系,设计了野外测试实验方案.在长春市大鹅岛附近,采用吊车进行了系统测试,测试结果表明:单点实测数据的平均绝对误差为0.48 mV,系统相对误差小于1%,飞行高度误差为0.4 m、水平偏移误差为0.2 m.基于异常线圈进行时间域航空电磁系统的测试和标定,是一种准确、快速、经济可行的方法,具有野外施工便捷、参数调整灵活等特点,适用于任何时间域电磁测量系统的检测.     

沉积物磷原位钝化技术研究进展

水体磷含量是湖泊富营养化最主要的限制因子之一.伴随着湖泊流域工农业发展,外源污染物的长期输入致使沉积物中蓄积了大量的磷及其他污染物.湖泊沉积物一方面是水体磷重要的汇,但另一方面还是水体磷重要的源.在单纯控制湖泊外源污染条件下,沉积物磷的释放仍可导致水体持续富营养化,湖水水质得到明显改善通常需要数十年,因此控制湖泊沉积物内源污染释放是快速恢复湖泊水质必不可少的措施.沉积物内源污染控制技术包括生物修复、环保疏浚以及原位钝化技术.受水深等环境条件限制,生物修复技术和环保疏浚在深水、亚深水型湖泊难以实施.沉积物磷原位钝化技术具有生态、经济、快速和效果稳定等特点,在控制湖泊底泥内源污染中可望发挥重要作用,尤其适合于深水、亚深水型湖泊内源污染控制.系统阐述了不同沉积物原位钝化剂的钝化原理,对比分析了铝盐、铁盐、钙盐和粘度矿物作为磷钝化剂的优缺点和应用条件,概述了国内外沉积物原位钝化技术的应用现状,在此基础上提出了沉积物原位钝化技术未来的重点研究方向:一是研究发展新型钝化剂;二是因地制宜,探索适合不同类型湖泊的底泥原位钝化技术体系;三是加强底泥原位钝化技术与其他技术的联合应用研究与示范;四是加强钝化剂负面影响评价,建立科学的应用技术方案.     

交叉偶极子声测井多频率反演地层三阶弹性常数和地应力研究

基于声弹性理论,本文详细论述了利用交叉偶极子多频率相速度反演地层三阶弹性常数和地应力的理论及信噪比对反演结果的影响.定性和定量分析表明在速度应力方程中,不含三阶弹性常数项与含三阶弹性常数项相比对速度的影响可以忽略,由此只利用一次测井资料同时反演地应力和三阶弹性常数是一个严重病态的问题或一个不确定性问题.针对不同的反演模型,详细考察了信噪比对各自简化模型和精确模型反演结果的影响.数值模拟结果表明,利用一次测井采用精确模型反演全部四个参数方法受信噪比影响严重.而利用不同流体压力下的测井资料进行反演时可以采用简化模型取代精确模型以便简化计算和提高反演速度,因为简化模型和精确模型有着几乎相同的精度;同时,分步反演的方法可以较好地反演出原位地应力及三阶弹性常数.     

结构动力方程的显式级数积分格式

将Newmark-β法中常平均加速度法的基本假定与精细指数算法结合,根据指数矩阵的Taylor级数展开式,提出了动力方程的显式级数解,并设计了相应的时程积分算法.该算法的精度可根据Taylor级数展开式的项数进行灵活控制.算例的结果表明:在满足稳定性条件的前提下,随着时间步长的增加,其精度优于传统的时程积分法.通过稳定性的分析,指出其稳定性条件是显然满足的.     

高精度恒误差数字频率计设计

基于高精度恒误差测频原理,采用Ｌａｔｔｉｃｅ的在系统可编程器件（ｉｓｐＬＳＩ）进行数字频率计设计。结果表明,高精度恒误差测频原理是合理的,并对所采用的高精度恒误差测频原理作了深入的理论分析,给出了依据此原理实现的硬件电路。     

川北砂岩-泥岩系混合作用地球化学特征

根据沉积岩混合作用判别原理,应用元素铬－钍判别法,判明川北砂岩－泥岩系为二元混合成因。再根据二元混合元素丰度关系定律,由混合变换式求出丰度关系常数,认为川北砂岩－泥岩系既具有互稀释混合作用,又具有稀释混合作用,进而可以对沉积岩端员物质组成进行估算。     

Repacking practice for G-3 engineering driller power unit with drive shaft of dual channel reverse circulation

In order to satisfy operating requirements for constant core drilling technology in reverse circulation with hollow-through DTH,the power unit of G-3 engineering driller was ameliorated. The new one with dual channel drive shaft, achieved the perfect assemble with transmission structure of the original power unit. It could interconvert according to need by using two sets of drive shafts with direct and reverse circulation. The repacked G-3 engineering driller carried on experiment in the field test in Luanchuan molybdenum mine of Henan, whose effect was very good.