焦郑高速公路雾天气预报与监测

分析了焦郑高速公路沿线雾天气气候特征及能见度与最大车流量的关系。利用欧洲中心数值预报产品和单站要素资料，选择预报因子，建立了雾天气预报方程。利用天气雷达进行临近监测预报服务。     

Classical and quantum anisotropic wormholes in pure general relativity

In the homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann–Robertson–Walker minisuperspace model, it is known that there are no Euclidean wormhole solutions in the pure gravity system. Here it is demonstrated explicitly that in Taub cosmology, which is one of the simplest anisotropic cosmology models, wormhole solutions do exist in pure general relativity in both classical and quantum contexts. Indeed, it is realized that it is the nonvanishing momentum or the energy associated with the anisotropy change, that essentially renders the occurrence of both classical and quantum wormholes possible.     

考虑多普勒参数的SAR影像距离——共面方程及其定位

通过对合成孔径雷达（SAR）影像成像几何机理的分析,以传感器位置和姿态作为定向参数,构建了考虑多普勒参数的SAR影像距离—共面方程及基于该方程的SAR影像空中三角测量模型。以登封地区99景0.5 m分辨率机载非0多普勒SAR影像为试验数据,进行了单片定向、无控制点的自由网平差、稀少控制点的区域网平差及带有自检校参数的区域网平差等系列试验。与R-D模型相比,本文模型减少了定向参数的数目,实现了SAR影像与POS数据的联合平差处理,建立的带有自检校参数的SAR影像区域网平差模型,对提高稀少或无地面控制点条件下未进行（或低精度）几何定标SAR影像的区域网平差精度起到了显著作用。较少控制点条件下模型满足了丘陵和山区1∶5000/1∶10000航摄测图对空中三角测量精度的要求。     

基于等效误差方程的三线阵CCD影像自检校区域网平差

本文针对机载三线阵CCD影像自检校区域网平差中,待求未知参数众多、法方程巨大而复杂的问题,提出了基于等效误差方程的ADS40影像自检校区域网平差方法.通过采用虚拟误差方程对原始误差方程进行等效改化,构建ADS40影像自检校区域网平差的等效误差方程,从而消去加密点地面坐标改正数,减少平差待求参数,实现法方程的合理简化.试验证明此方法可在保证平差精度的同时,显著提高解算效率.     

Applications of Lodrigues matrix in 3D coordinate transformation

Three transformation models (Bursa-Wolf, Molodensky, and WTUSM) are generally used between two data systems transformation. The linear models are used when the rotation angles are small; however, when the rotation angles get bigger, model errors will be produced. In this paper, we present a method with three main terms: the traditional ? rotation angles θ, φ, ψ are substituted with a,b,c which are three respective values in the anti-symmetrical or Lodrigues matrix; ? directly and accurately calculating the formula of seven parameters in any value of rotation angles; and ? a corresponding adjustment model is established. This method does not use the triangle function. Instead it uses addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and the complexity of the equation is reduced, making the calculation easy and quick.     

An integrated approach for prioritization of reservoir catchment using remote sensing and geographic information system techniques

This study is aimed at evolving a watershed prioritization of reservoir catchment based on vegetation, morphological and topographical parameters, and average annual soil loss using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. A large multipurpose river valley project, Upper Indravati reservoir, situated in the state of Orissa, India, has been chosen for the present work. Watershed prioritization is useful to soil conservationist and decision makers. This study integrates the watershed erosion response model (WERM) and universal soil loss equation (USLE) with a geographic information system (GIS) to estimate the erosion risk assessment parameters of the catchment. The total catchment is divided into 15 sub-watersheds. Various erosion risk parameters are determined for all the sub-watersheds separately. Average annual soil loss is also estimated for the sub-watersheds using USLE. The integrated effect of all these parameters is evaluated to recommend the priority rating of the watersheds for soil conservation planning.     

A transient phreatic surface mound,evidenced by a strip of vegetation on an earth dam

Abstract

On the slopes of the embankment of the Al-Khod groundwater recharge–flood protection dam (Oman), a band of scrub vegetation community emerged after torrential rains and temporary filling of the dam reservoir. Species composition differs markedly on both sides of the embankment, with many exotics found on the reservoir side and more typical gravel-desert species on the outside. Hydro-ecologically, the vegetation is interpreted as the footprint of a temporary storage of water, which is a small-sized groundwater mound within the permeable shoulder of the levee. The levee, as an anthropogenic landform, induces a U-turn (gravitational slumping–lateral seepage–transpirational moisture ascent) topology of seepage. The Lembke method of successive variations of steady states is used in modelling the water table dynamics. In the early stage of the mound decay, outflow through a seepage face of the shoulder is modelled by the Barenblatt slumping parabola of the phreatic-zone part of the flow domain, which is perfectly matched with the Youngs exact solution for a purely horizontal flow through a porous wedge. At the stitching cross-section, the flow rates and saturated depths in the two zones coincide. The late stage of mound evolution is characterized by transpiration by the plant roots projected onto a shrinking free surface, with the Barenblatt and Youngs solutions conjugated but without the outcrop of the saturated mound on the levee slope. Ordinary differential equations for the sliding or descending locus of the intersection of the parabola and the triangle hypotenuse are integrated in a closed form or by the Runge-Kutta method. The dwindling saturated volume and the rate of drainage are obtained. They can be used in assessments of the hydro-ecological sustainability of slope-rooted shrubs (vegetation survival between rare rainfall episodes).

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor A. Porporato     

Improving rainfall–runoff modelling through the control of uncertainties under increasing climate variability in the Ouémé River basin (Benin,West Africa)

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper is to understand how the natural dynamics of a time-varying catchment, i.e. the rainfall pattern, transforms the random component of rainfall and how this transformation influences the river discharge. To this end, this paper develops a rainfall–runoff modelling approach that aims to capture the multiple sources and types of uncertainty in a single framework. The main assumption is that hydrological systems are nonlinear dynamical systems which can be described by stochastic differential equations (SDE). The dynamics of the system is based on the least action principle (LAP) as derived from Noether’s theorem. The inflow process is considered as a sum of deterministic and random components. Using data from the Ouémé River basin (Benin, West Africa), the basic properties for the random component are considered and the triple relationship between the structure of the inflowing rainfall, the corresponding SDE that describes the river basin and the associated Fokker-Planck equations (FPE) is analysed.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR D. Gerten     

Remarks upon numerical solutions of infiltration into a soil profile

Abstract

A methodology of time-step estimation for numerically solving the Richards equation is discussed. Its importance in simulating water movement in unsaturated—saturated soils is shown for infiltration into a soil profile by applying various time-step estimations and boundary conditions for different soils. In order to test the results of the computations, infiltration theory was applied. According to infiltration theory, the pressure head in the initially unsaturated part will not take positive values as long as the moisture front has not reached the phreatic level, or, in the case of a profile with a free-draining lower boundary, it is not saturated at the base. In other cases, the appearance of positive values of the pressure head produces incorrect values for the inflow rate q.