考虑封闭作用和应力扩散的软土地基临塑荷载

在深入分析硬壳层对下卧软土层的封闭作用和扩散作用的基础上,推导了能考虑这两种作用的软土地基临塑荷载计算公式。同时通过对封闭作用产生机理的分析,指出传统的弹性力学分析方法无法考虑封闭作用对软土地基临塑荷载的影响。     

科尔沁沙地人工林下结皮发育对表土特性影响的研究

通过野外取样和室内分析相结合,对科尔沁沙地不同生长年限人工林下土壤结皮的理化性质及结皮发育对表层土壤特性的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明,3 a、15 a生杨树林下分别发育了物理结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮,15 a、25 a生樟子松林下均发育了苔藓结皮,结皮的厚度、紧实度、水分、粘粉粒含量及全效、速效养分等随物理结皮向苔藓结皮的发育依次增加。同时,结皮的存在增加了其下层土壤颗粒组成中的极细沙和粘粉粒含量,富集了结皮下土壤的有机质、全N、全P、速效N、速效P等养分,而且结皮对下层土壤的这些影响作用从物理结皮、地衣结皮到苔藓结皮呈逐渐增长的趋势。同一结皮下土壤粘粉粒含量、养分含量在0—5 cm范围内由表及里呈递减趋势,但均高于对照无结皮层相对应的值。25 a生樟子松林下发育的苔藓结皮及其下层土壤的理化状况明显优于其他人工林下结皮的情况。     

中太平洋YJA海山富钴结壳矿物组成与元素地球化学

研究样品采自马尔库斯（MARCUS）海脊YJA海山。利用等离子光谱、等离子质谱、X-射线衍射、红外光谱、场发射电镜等分析测试方法,对富钴结壳中不同构造层的矿物组成和元素地球化学进行了研究。该结壳为一大型板状新结壳,矿石矿物是水羟锰矿,脉石矿物是石英、斜长石、磷灰石等,微量矿物有蒙脱石、高岭石、钠沸石、水黑云母、片沸石等。从结壳的底部构造层到顶部构造层,TMn,Ni,Cu, Ba,Zn等元素的质量分数逐渐减少,TFe逐渐增加,Co变化不大;在相对疏松的构造层中,Si,Al,K,Na,Ca,Mg,Ti,P,Li,Rb等元素相对富集;结壳的稀土元素总量是1 982.27×10^-6,Ce具明显的正异常。不同构造层稀土元素的演化趋势是：Ce与Mn等元素相同,其他稀土元素（Y除外）与Fe等相似。     

Crustal contaminants in the Permian Oslo Rift, South Norway: constraints from Precambrian geochemistry

During the late Paleozoic Oslo rifting event, the SW part of the Baltic Shield was penetrated by mantle-derived magmas from a depleted lithospheric or sublithospheric source. Along the way to their final emplacement, these magmas may have interacted with a heterogeneous continental crust, consisting of a mosaic of continental terranes, each with its unique composition and internal crustal history. Information on radiogenic isotope ratios and trace element distributions in the Precambrian terranes surrounding the rift can be used to define characteristic crustal components. These components may be used as endmembers in petrogenetic modelling of the Oslo Rift magmatic system. Based on available data, six endmember components can be identified, and (semi) quantitatively characterized in terms of Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes and selected trace elements. Data on the distribution of rock-types along the rift flanks allow estimates to be made of the relative importance of the components in different parts of the rift. Combining these data with petrological information may allow a realistic understanding of crust–magma interaction in the Oslo Rift magmatic system.     

硼同位素及其地质应用研究

硼的两个稳定同位素（10B 和11B）相对质量差较大,因此,硼同位 素分馏较显著。由于分析测量技术方面的改进和创新, 硼同位素地球化学近年来有了长足 的发展。业已查明,自然界中δ11B值变化为 －37‰～+58‰。其中,较负的 δ11B值见于非海相蒸发硼酸盐矿物和某些电气石,而较正的δ11B值见 于某些盐湖卤水和蒸发海水。现代大洋水的δ11B值十分恒定 (+39,5‰)。原始 地幔的δ11B值估测为－10‰±2‰。陨石的δ11B值很不均一,变化 可达90‰。而月岩的δ11B值变化较小（－6‰～+4‰）。由于硼同位素存在大的 分馏和不同地质体中截然不同的δ11B值,硼同位素地质应用范围十分广泛。目 前,硼同位素在研究星云形成过程和宇宙事件,壳-幔演化和板块俯冲作用过程,判别沉积 环境,研究矿床成因,示踪古海洋和古气候条件,和判断环境污染源区等方面的研究中成效显著。     

南北地震带北段速度结构与电阻率特性

建立了南北地震带北段下地壳部分熔融几何形状和分布的模型。熔融的几何分布和连通性由以下3个因素决定：①熔融的位置;②熔融所占总体积的比例;③固－固和固－液界面的最小自由能。熔融形状有薄版形、管道形和椭球包体形。用此模型计算出含有部分溶融岩石的体积、剪切弹性模量和电导率的一般表示式。选择参数并计算出南北地震带北段下地壳的Vp、Vs和电阻率ρs值,即在鄂尔多斯地台下地壳的速度为Vp ≈6.71km/s,Vs≈3.96km/s,电阻率为上百至几百欧姆米。而在祁连、秦岭褶皱系下地壳速率Vp约为6．4～6.6km/s,Vs约为3．72～3．89km/s,电阻率为几至几十欧姆米。数值模拟的结果与地球物理反演结果基本相符,并进行了定性的构造解释。用一个模型对下地壳中的速度特征与电性特性进行了联合数值模拟,说明了此模型在解释下地壳中的Vp、Vs和ρs的有效性。     

Microstructural tectonometamorphic processes and the development of gneissic layering: a mechanism for metamorphic segregation

The Mary granite, in the East Athabasca mylonite triangle, northern Saskatchewan, provides an example and a model for the development of non-migmatitic gneissic texture. Gneissic compositional layering developed through the simultaneous evolution of three microdomains corresponding to original plagioclase, orthopyroxene and matrix in the igneous rocks. Plagioclase phenocrysts were progressively deformed and recrystallized, first into core and mantle structures, and ultimately into plagioclase-rich layers or ribbons. Garnet preferentially developed in the outer portions of recrystallized mantles, and, with further deformation, produced garnet-rich sub-layers within the plagioclase-rich gneissic domains. Orthopyroxene was replaced by clinopyroxene and garnet (and hornblende if sufficient water was present), which were, in turn, drawn into layers with new garnet growth along the boundaries. The igneous matrix evolved through a number of transient fabric stages involving S-C fabrics, S-C-C' fabrics, and ultramylonitic domains. In addition, quartz veins were emplaced and subsequently deformed into quartz-rich gneissic layers. Moderate to highly strained samples display extreme mineralogical (compositional) segregation, yet most domains can be directly related to the original igneous precursors. The Mary granite was emplaced at approximately 900 °C and 1.0 GPa and was metamorphosed at approximately 750 °C and 1.0 GPa. The igneous rocks crystallized in the medium-pressure granulite field (Opx–Pl) but were metamorphosed on cooling into the high-pressure (Grt–Cpx–Pl) granulite field. The compositional segregation resulted from a dynamic, mutually reinforcing interaction between deformation, metamorphic and igneous processes in the deep crust. The production of gneissic texture by processes such as these may be the inevitable result of isobaric cooling of igneous rocks within a tectonically active deep crust.     

蓟县早寒武-新元古不整合界面处风化壳碳酸盐碳、氧同位素组成特征

由于土壤中有机质降解产生的CO₂ 和淡水成岩作用的影响,在蓟县早寒武世和晚元古代景儿峪组不整合界面处古风化壳中碳酸盐的δ¹³C值和δ¹⁸O 值明显偏负,从风化壳向下往原岩的方向,δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O 数值逐渐增加;此外,与风化壳上、下碳酸盐岩地层的δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O 数值具有明显的差别。上述同位素组成特征可以用于其它古风化壳剖面及地层不整合界面的判识。     

土壤微生物结皮对两种一年生植物幼苗存活和生长的影响

在温室实验和野外调查中,分析了两种一年生草本植物小画眉草(Eragrostics poaeoides)和雾冰藜(Bassia dasyphylla)的幼苗在苔藓结皮、藻结皮和流沙上的存活和生长状况。两种植物的幼苗存活率均表现出在苔藓结皮上最高而在流沙基质中最低。两种植物幼苗存活率与土壤表层水分含量呈正相关关系。与小画眉草相比较,雾冰藜的幼苗在萌发后根生长较为迅速,在3种土壤类型中和干湿两种水分处理下,雾冰藜较小画眉草均具有较高的幼苗存活率。在干燥处理下,生长在有结皮土壤中的两种植物的植株干重大约是生长在无结皮土壤中植株的5倍。增加水分能降低植株幼苗的死亡率,促进植株生长;增加水分也能在一定程度上减弱因土壤基质差异对幼苗存活和幼苗生长的影响。因此,在自然状况下年降雨量的多少和分配状况的差异可能会影响这两种植物每年幼苗存活率和生长状况的差异,进而会影响到这两个种群在人工固沙区盖度和分布格局的差异性。     

中国东南新生代玄武岩中麻粒岩相捕虏体的新发现及其意义

本文报道了在中国东南地区女山、桂子山、西垄和麒麟等地新生代玄武岩中新发现的麻粒岩相捕虏体。研究显示女山存在多种岩石类型的捕虏体,其中本次研究新发现的石榴子石麻粒岩与二辉麻粒岩在矿物化学和形成条件上明显不同。石榴子石麻粒岩的次透辉石（富Al2O3,Na2O)、紫苏辉石（富Al2O3) 形成于较深（＞40km)的下地壳,厚的地壳和较低的地温梯度（20－24℃/km)表明当时女山处于相对稳定的克拉通环境;女山二辉麻粒岩的次透辉石和紫苏辉石（贫Al2O3,Na2O)形成于较高地温梯度（31－34℃/km）的构造背景,指示当时女山处于活动大陆边缘或裂谷环境。复杂的岩石类型和不同的形成条件表明女山的下地壳是由多期岩浆活动的产物组成。广东麒麟和雷州的二辉麻粒岩的次透辉石以低Al2O3和低Na2O为特征,温压估算显示它们形成于较浅部（23－27km)和高地温梯度的地质背景,指示当时华南处在强烈的拉张减薄的构造环境。浙江西垄和新昌的麻粒岩捕虏体的矿物学特征和形成条件介于女山和广东的麻粒岩捕虏体之间。女山麻粒岩捕虏体的岩石组合和形成条件与华北太古代麻粒岩地体和汉诺坝麻粒岩捕虏体相似,而与华南的明显不同,表明女山的下地壳隶属于华北板块。在华南沿海从北到南基性麻粒岩的发现,显示中生代基性岩浆的底侵作用普遍存在。