古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮的分布特征

新疆古尔班通古特沙漠是我国最大的固定和半固定沙漠，其间广泛发育着以地衣植物为主的生物结皮，是除种子植物以外的固定沙面的重要生物因子。研究表明，选择适当的时段，应用遥感技术并结合地面调查来研究沙漠生物结皮的空间分布格局是可行的，遥感制图与地面调查的结果基本一致。该沙漠南部是生物结皮最为丰富的区域，各种类型的生物结皮均有充分发育，呈连续分布，但其分布模式向北、向西和向东变得破碎。通过统计生物结皮像元的面积，得到生物结皮覆盖率超过33％的像元面积占研究区总面积的28．7％。生物结皮的分布对地貌部位有较强的选择性，生物结皮的不同发育阶段种类组成亦有较大的差别。     

水系分维的构造含义

本文运用分数维几何学,研究了河流水系分维与地壳里向运动、活动断裂格局及运动学特征的关联性。结果表明:1)地壳垂向运动控制大型河流主干的总体形态;2)活动断裂格局复杂、水平运动强烈的地区,水系分维值高;3)走滑断裂较斜滑断裂对水系发育的控制强烈,而后者主要起到对水系的分区作用。     

荒漠人工植被区典型生物土壤结皮的固碳模型研究

生物土壤结皮（BSC）是荒漠生态系统组成和地表景观的重要特征,在荒漠系统碳的源-汇功能中发挥着重要的作用。本文以沙坡头人工植被区两种典型的BSC（苔藓结皮和藻类结皮）为研究对象,通过对土壤水分的连续测定,确定BSC光合和呼吸作用的有效湿润时间及其与土壤水分、温度和太阳辐射的关系,建立了土壤水分驱动下的固碳模型。以2012年5月19—25日为例,计算了苔藓结皮和藻类结皮在试验期间的日固碳量,并估算了两类结皮的年际固碳量。结果表明:苔藓结皮和藻类结皮由于自身水文物理性质的差别显著影响到其下层土壤水分和温度的变化;降雨是BSC固碳活性的重要来源,并且苔藓结皮更容易受到非降雨水（如雾水、凝结水等）的影响而使其固碳潜力大于藻类结皮。初步估算苔藓结皮和藻类结皮的年固碳量分别可以达到33.33 g·m-2·a-1和14.01 g·m-2·a-1,其中由非降雨水所引起的固碳量达到了6.58 g·m-2·a-1和2.65 g·m-2·a-1,分别占到了全年固碳量的19.7%和18.9%。充分肯定了BSC在荒漠人工植被区碳汇的功能。     

祁连山造山作用与岩石圈地幔的特型结构构造

本文探讨了祁连山地壳增厚与造山机制。提出新生代以来,由于印度地块向北推进,其延迟的远程效应使祁连地块内4条断裂再次活动,特别是23 Ma以来,分阶段的活动使上地壳缩短了30%,40 km厚的祁连地壳增加到57km厚;并通过柴达木地块下地壳物质的挤入,使祁连地块地壳厚度增加到现今的60~74 km;地壳质量基本平衡表明其下部地壳物质横向迁移较小,即走滑断裂带走的地壳物质较少。依据INDEPTH-V新的宽频地震调查成果,提出祁连地块下岩石圈地幔的复杂结构,南部来的昆仑岩石圈地幔(双层结构)与北部向南俯冲的阿拉善地块下的亚洲岩石圈地幔在祁连地块深部相碰撞,而柴达木—祁连岩石圈地幔则被保存在昆仑岩石圈与亚洲岩石圈地幔碰撞带之上,共形成一倒三角汇聚区;在柴北缘与中祁连北缘岩石圈地幔各出现一条北倾和南倾的正转换震相,可能是老俯冲带残存岩片的显示;在祁连地块岩石圈地幔的两端地壳底部还出现有"双"莫霍"现象",地表见有多条榴辉岩带。以上结果构成了高原最具特色的构造区。     

The interplay and effects of deformation and crystallized melt on the rheology of the lower continental crust,Fiordland, New Zealand

Microstructural, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and misorientation analyses of a migmatitic granulite-facies orthogneiss from the exhumed lower crust of a Cretaceous continental arc in Fiordland, New Zealand show how deformation was accommodated during and after episodes of melt infiltration and high-grade metamorphism. Microstructures in garnet, omphacite, plagioclase, and K-feldspar suggest that an early stage of deformation was achieved by dislocation creep of omphacite and plagioclase, with subsequent deformation becoming partitioned into plagioclase. Continued deformation after melt infiltration resulted in strain localization in the leucosome of the migmatite, where a change of plagioclase deformation mechanism promoted the onset of grain boundary sliding, most likely accommodated by diffusion creep, in fine recrystallized plagioclase grains. Our results suggest three distinctive transitions in the rheology of the lower crust of this continental arc, where initial weakening was primarily achieved by deformation of both omphacite and plagioclase. Subsequent strain localization in plagioclase of the leucosome indicates that the zones of former melt are weaker than the restite, and that changes in deformation mechanisms within plagioclase, and an evolution of its strength, primarily control the rheology of the lower crust during and after episodes of melting and magma addition.     

Metal flux as an alternative parameter in evaluating the resource potential for co-rich ferromanganese crusts

We propose a geochemical parameter, “metal flux” in evaluating hydrogenetic Co-rich ferromanganese crust deposits in the Pacific seamount area, that is based on physical, chemical, and geological characterization of the integrated growth piles of crusts. We calculated the metal flux for fifteen sites from different depths ranging between 900-6000m from different seamounts. The secular and areal variations of metal flux indicate a strong geological controls, and also can be a reliable tool for estimating an economic potential of the crusts. The Co flux decreases with increasing water depth, followed by almost constant flux of Ni and Mn. The Al and Fe fluxes vary with regions, indicating higher values in the western regions near the island arc probably related to a supply from the Asian continents. The results imply that Co, a redox sensitive metal element, is controlled by redox conditions of seawater, while Fe and Al are by terrigenous input. The metal flux reflects global and regional conditions and controls the compositional diversity of metals, thus consequently, the parameter can be a reliable powerful tool to estimate or single out more potential areas.     

网格剖分积分法计算富钴结壳资源量

在矿区地质模型建立及边界条件限定的基础上,提出了基于网格剖分积分计算富钴结壳资源量的评估计算方法,推导了相应的计算公式,设计了相应的模块界面,并在"海底地形地貌自动成图系统"中实现了这种计算方法.这种资源量计算方法可应用于富钴结壳资源研究和评价计算.     

Early Miocene adakite-like volcanism in the Balkuyumcu region, central Anatolia, Turkey: Petrology and geochemistry

The Balkuyumcu region, located in the southwestern part of Ankara in the Izmir-Ankara suture zone (central Anatolia, Turkey), consists of basic andesitic, andesitic, dacitic and rhyolitic rocks extruded during the Early Miocene (20–22 Ma) as a result of post-collisional volcanism. Balkuyumcu volcanic rocks can be divided into two groups on the basis of their mineralogy and composition: The basic andesitic (BA) and andesitic, dacitic and rhyolitic (ADR) groups. The ADR and BA group of rocks have adakite-like and calc-alkaline characteristics, respectively. The ADR group has higher SiO₂ content, Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios and low MgO, Mg#, Y and Yb contents than the BA group. Both groups have nearly the same Sr, Nd isotopic compositions and display similar normalized multi-element patterns with enrichments in LILE and LREE, depletions in Nb, Ti, Zr, P and a lack of Eu anomalies. Major, trace element and Sr, Nd isotopic data indicate that both groups of rocks were derived from the same source but affected by different magmatic processes during ascent. The adakite-like rocks may have been produced by partial melting of thickened lower continental crust. Fractional crystallization also played a major role in their formation. However, the BA group rocks were derived from partial melting of lower continental crust that was probably delaminated. These rocks appear to have had limited interaction with mantle peridodite during ascent to the surface.     

体波走时层析成像方法及其在中国壳幔结构研究中的应用评述

文中对地震体波走时层析成像技术近30年的发展进行回顾和评述,并对该方法所存在的问题进行了分析和探讨以及给出应对策略。在壳幔速度结构的横向不均匀性、强震发生的深部构造环境、活火山区的深部结构和起源,以及造山带、板块碰撞带区域深部结构等4个方面对应用地震层析成像技术所取得的主要成果做了分类总结和探讨。研究证明,利用地震层析成像技术所获得的高分辨率地球内部结构为探索岩石圈的演化和板块运动规律及地震、火山活动发生的深部构造环境等提供了十分重要的科学依据。     

中太平洋地区两个铁锰结壳的生长幕研究

通过对3块中太平洋铁锰结壳样品进行的生物地层学及其结构构造、元素地球化学剖面的综合研究发现,铁锰结壳的生长主要集中于两个形成环境存在差异分别由不同因素控制的形成阶段,一个是约25Ma以来其形成环境氧化程度由南极底层流(AABW)控制的对应于结壳新壳层的生长幕,另一个是渐新世之前其形成环境氧化程度由环赤道表中层洋流和高密度温盐表层水下沉控制的对应于结壳老壳层的生长幕,而在早、中渐新世处于两种环境的转换期,也正好是海退期、大洋低生产力期、低CCD和生物碳酸盐低产率期,形成结壳生长的主要生长间断。该研究成果对于进一步了解太平洋的古海洋、古环境演变有一定意义。