Land Use Change in New Spain: A Three-Dimensional Historical GIS Analysis

The introduction of European livestock into the New World resulted in extensive land use changes. Studying the spatiality of these changes as they actually transpired in a three-dimensional landscape can enhance our knowledge of the environmental transformations that accompanied colonization. This article focuses on a case study area in New Spain, roughly equivalent to present-day Mexico, wherein forty-seven sheep ranches were established through viceregal land grants between 1535 and 1610. An integration of fieldwork, textual analysis of land grants, and imagery analysis enables these ranches to be mapped in a three-dimensional geographic information system (GIS) environment. Once mapped in a GIS, the spatial statistics of each ranch's elevation, slope, and aspect (slope orientation) can be calculated to identify spatio-temporal patterns of land use change. These spatio-temporal patterns can be interpreted within the highly localized contexts of land granting to amplify our understanding of human–environment interaction in New Spain. This article's key findings are that grantees harbored a persistent preference for south-facing land; ranches clustered most heavily on isolated elevations; viceregal ordinances were effective at keeping livestock away from low-lying, agriculturally productive zones; and, as a consequence of native population decline and forced native resettlements, the midelevations experienced a land use change from semiterraced agriculture to ranching. These results offer a fresh perspective on the local-scale processes of land use change that resulted from the European colonization of the New World.     

Designing a Military Event Gazetteer: The Case of Parachute Operations During the French Indochina War

The study of landscapes is an important area of research in critical military geography. Historical military campaigns themselves are violent events that occur within the context of a landscape. Although the actual events are transitory, they can leave behind a tangible record in the landscape and a memory that will be interpreted by present and future generations. Many small-scale individual operations might leave no lasting imprint on the physical landscape and are only remembered in the experience of those who participated. For these less well-known events, such as operations in colonial conflicts, their existence lies in the textual documents of memoirs, military records, and literature on the history of the associated conflicts. This study explores possible methods for designing and constructing a military event gazetteer for organizing information regarding such military operations. Parachute operations during the French Indochina War were chosen for this analysis because of the role these operations played in the counterinsurgency actions of that conflict. Using the methods developed in this study, it is proposed that through a series of military event gazetteers related to colonial wars of independence, a broader understanding of the military (or violence) aspects of the counterinsurgency strategies used in these conflicts might be achieved.     

历史时期县级政区数据库的设计与应用——以清代陕西为例

本文讨论了历史政区数据库的性质和特点,以清代陕西历史数据库的建立为例提出了编制底图及数据库设计的原则和方法,并建立了以政区境界为主要内容的县级数据库,最后探讨了政区数据库的应用。     

土地利用现状时空数据库增量更新机制探讨

依据全国土地变更现状调查的时空增量数据,参考地理要素的变更方式,定义五种历史拓扑关系:灭失、属性变更、图形变更、要素新增及无变化,以记录要素的变化过程。在此基础上,探讨全国土地利用基础库的增量更新方法。     

中美过去300年土地利用变化比较

开展历史土地利用变化的国别对比研究,不仅有利于深化大尺度LUCC过程与驱动机制的科学认识,而且对深入研究历史碳排放责任等也有着重要意义。利用长时间序列数据,对中美两国过去300年土地利用/覆被变化的时空特征及驱动因素进行对比分析。结果表明:1过去300年中美两国耕地数量总体均呈持续增长态势,中国在1661-1980s的320余年间耕地总量增长了79.46×104km2,但人均耕地面积却从1685年的5.5亩,下降至2000年的1.5亩;而美国在1700-1950年的250年间耕地面积增加了190.87×104km2,且人均耕地面积均超过9亩,其中1890年高达30.2亩。2受土地垦殖扩张影响,过去300年中美两国林、草地资源均呈持续减少态势;其中,美国森林面积减少了约145×104km2,草地面积减少约137×104km2;而中国森林面积减少了约90×104km2,草地面积减少了约40×104km2。3从空间格局变化特征看,过去300年中国土地垦殖主要向边区(如东北、西南、内蒙等)及内地山地丘陵区发展;而美国在"西进运动"的影响下,大规模向中西部拓殖。4政策、人口、农业技术等因素是影响过去300年中美土地利用/覆被变化的主要因素,但由于两国资源禀赋及发展历史的差异,虽然直接驱动力均体现为政策因素,但就根本驱动因素而言,中国是人口数量,美国则是经济利益;同时,在农业技术发展取向上,中国因"人多地少",走"精耕细作"之路,而美国因"人少地多",走"机械化"之途。     

历史强震对渭河中游群发大型滑坡的诱发效应反演

以渭河中游地区为例,探索提出了开展历史地震对区域群发滑坡诱发效应反演研究的思路和方法。首先,基于汶川地震在渭河中游地区形成的高烈度异常和震害启示,通过区域活动构造和斜坡带断裂控滑分析,指出历史强震对区内群发大型滑坡的诱发效应不容忽视。然后,利用强震诱发滑坡的最远致灾震中距分析法,筛选出研究区周边300 km范围内需要重点考察其诱发效应的4次关键历史强震:公元前780年岐山MS7.0级地震、1654年天水南MS8.0级地震、1556年华县MS8.25级地震及1920年海原MS8.5级地震。随后,以岐山地震为例,具体阐述了基于Newmark位移模型的地震诱发滑坡位移及危险性反演评估方法;同时反演了其他3次历史强震诱发区内滑坡位移及危险性。最后,定量比较了反演历史强震诱发滑坡的位移与实际大型滑坡分布的空间匹配程度,结果显示天水南MS8.0级地震对渭河中游现存群发大型滑坡的诱发效应最强。     

Precipitation changes in wet and dry seasons over the 20th century simulated by two versions of the FGOALS model

Seasonal precipitation changes over the globe during the 20 th century simulated by two versions of the Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System(FGOALS) model are assessed. The two model versions differ in terms of their AGCM component, but the remaining parts of the system are almost identical. Both models reasonably reproduce the mean-state features of the timings of the wet and dry seasons and related precipitation amounts, with pattern correlation coefficients of 0.65–0.84 with observations. Globally averaged seasonal precipitation changes are analyzed. The results show that wet seasons get wetter and the annual range(precipitation difference between wet and dry seasons) increases during the 20 th century in the two models, with positive trends covering most parts of the globe, which is consistent with observations. However,both models show a moistening dry season, which is opposite to observations. Analysis of the globally averaged moisture budget in the historical climate simulations of the two models shows little change in the horizontal moisture advection in both the wet and dry seasons. The globally averaged seasonal precipitation changes are mainly dominated by the changes in evaporation and vertical moisture advection. Evaporation and vertical moisture advection combine to make wet seasons wetter and enhance the annual range. In the dry season, the opposite change of evaporation and vertical moisture advection leads to an insignificant change in precipitation. Vertical moisture advection is the most important term that determines the changes in precipitation, wherein the thermodynamic component is dominant and the dynamic component tends to offset the effect of the thermodynamic component.     

近百年来洞庭湖区垸内湖泊时空演变分析

研究洞庭湖区垸内湖泊时空演变情况,本文利用1930年代以来10个时段的历史地形图和航天航空遥感数据,采用遥感解译、数据统计分析与历史对比方法,分析民国中期（1930年）以来各时段洞庭湖区垸内湖泊的空间分布特征、面积时序变化,利用2018年度基础性地理国情监测数据中内湖数据进行精度检验,精度达98.62%。结果表明：洞庭湖区内湖数量与面积分别从1938年的640个、994.30 km²增加到2018年的1057个、1578.33 km²,其变化过程并非呈持续增加趋势,而是经历了增加、减少、再增加的3个时序变化阶段,呈现波状起伏特征。民国中期（1930年）至建国初期（1958年）,因通江湖泊大量围垦,内湖数量和面积均呈现快速增加趋势;其后,1959年—1978年,在“以粮为纲”的农业背景下,内湖被大量围垦,数量和面积萎缩至民国中期（1930年）以来的最低值;改革开放（1979年）以来,随着“退田还湖”和水产养殖等农业结构调整,内湖面积呈现大幅增加趋势。洞庭湖区垸内湖泊总体呈增加趋势,但不同规模、不同类型、不同区域等不同特征的垸内湖泊变化情况不同。总体而言,围湖垦殖是内湖形成的主要驱动,粮食保障与水产养殖是内湖变化的主要原因。研究成果可为洞庭湖区生态修复与环境保护提供客观资料。     

大连地区一次极端天气的数值研究

利用常规资料、自动站资料以及中尺度数值模式(MM5V3.7),对2007年3月3日~5日大连地区出现的暴雨、雨凇、雪、大风、寒潮等多种灾害性极端天气进行了分析。结果表明:这次极端天气是由北上江淮气旋与北方冷空气共同作用造成的。利用MM5模式对造成这次极端天气的天气系统的发展和演变进行了诊断,表明:高、低空急流及其相应的次级环流在这次强天气过程中起了重要作用,低空急流的次级环流的上升支和高空急流入口区右侧的强辐散相重合,形成高空强负涡度、强辐散,低空强正涡度、强辐合和上升运动。与高空偏西急流相配合的强冷空气与低空东南急流引导的海上暖湿空气在辽东半岛交汇,激发不稳定能量的释放,从而进一步加强了上升运动。这种深厚的强上升气流是这次强天气发生的重要原因。     

历史DNA在鱼类群体遗传与进化研究中的应用

历史耳石、鳞片作为鱼类群体遗传与进化研究宝贵的DNA来源,记录了几十年甚至几百年间的遗传信息,使得鱼类群体遗传与进化研究可以扩展到历史时间尺度,从而可以直接反映人类活动对鱼类遗传多样性及适应性进化的影响。近十几年来,随着高通量测序技术的蓬勃发展,历史耳石、鳞片作为基因组数据的来源成为现实,可提供更为精细的遗传数据。然而,历史样本具有DNA高度降解、外源DNA污染等特点,利用历史DNA进行群体遗传学研究仍然是一项十分困难的工作。作者对历史耳石、鳞片样本DNA的提取方法,基因分型技术进行了总结,以期为克服这些困难提供思路。另外,作者综述了利用历史样本进行鱼类群体遗传与进化研究的现状与热点。伴随新一代分子技术的普及与发展,历史DNA可以提供更为丰富的遗传信息,将为鱼类群体遗传与进化相关研究提供新的思路与证据,未来势必拥有更广阔的应用前景。