历史生物地理学的理论和方法

历史生物地理学的理论主要是扩散和隔离分化的理论。到目前为止 ,形成了扩散学派、种系发生学派、泛生物地理学派和分支生物地理学派。除了扩散学派外 ,其它学派都有一些可操作的、规范的分析程序和方法。文中对它们进行了简要的介绍和述评。作为南半球环太平洋分布的、且研究较多的植物例子 ,也简要介绍了南山毛榉属的研究进展。     

历史纪录的西北环境变化与农业开发

由中国西北地区的现代气候状况和古气候记录来回溯过去时期的气候变化,并依据历史文献记载论述过去时期农业开发活动的规模、效益与温度、湿度背景之关联。文中指出：西汉和唐前期气候适宜,河西地区大规模农田开垦成功;唐后期和明朝中叶的气候转寒导致河西屯垦凋敝;公元初塔里木盆地的繁荣和后来的衰落与水资源变化有关。历史上的垦后抛荒行为加速了土地的沙化进程,乌兰布和沙漠的形成和较温暖的13世纪降尘事件频繁发生即为此类不良后果的两个典型例子。     

Quantification of bank erosion in a drained agricultural lowland catchment

The long‐term and current volumes of sediment exported from stream banks were calculated as potential sources of sediment in a large pond located at the catchment outlet of a small agricultural lowland basin strongly affected by anthropogenic pressure in France. Bank erosion was measured over a short period using a network of erosion pins along a small stream (1400 m long) to quantify the material exported during a single winter (2012–2013). The material exported by this same stream over the last 69 years was quantified using an original approach involving the comparison of a compilation of three‐dimensional historical stream redesign plans that date back to 1944 with the state of the banks in 2013 (differential global positioning system and LiDAR data). The results suggest that a global trend of material loss along the stream banks monitored by erosion pins, with an average erosion rate of 17.7 mm year^?1 and an average volume of exported material of 75 t km^?1. Over 69 years, this same stream exported an average of 36 t km^?1 year^?1, and the average loss of material from the banks throughout the whole catchment was estimated to be 14 t km^?1 year^?1. The contribution of bank material to the filling of the pond over the last 10 years is between 46% and 52% based on an extrapolation of erosion pin dynamics or between 27% and 30% based on the comparison of LiDAR data to the average historical profile extrapolated for the catchment. These results suggest that bank erosion represents a major source of sediment in degraded waters in traditionally understudied agricultural lowland catchments, where anthropogenic pressures are high.     

土地利用/覆被历史重建方法(英文)

Understanding long-term human-environment interactions requires historical reconstruction of past land-use and land-cover changes. Most reconstructions have been based primarily on consistently available and relatively standardized information from historical sources. Based on available data sources and a retrospective research, in this paper we review the approaches and methods of the digital reconstruction and analyze their advantages and possible constraints in the following aspects:(1) Historical documents contain qualitative or semi-quantitative information about past land use, which also usually include land-cover data, but preparation of archival documents is very time-consuming.(2) Historical maps and pictures offer visual and spatial quantitative land-cover information.(3) Natural archive has significant advantages as a method for reconstructing past vegetation and has its unique possibilities especially when historical records are missing or lacking, but it has great limits of rebuilding certain land-cover types.(4) Historical reconstruction models have been gradually developed from empirical models to mechanistic ones. The method does not only reconstruct the quantity of land use/cover in historical periods, but it also reproduces the spatial distribution. Yet there are still few historical land-cover datasets with high spatial resolution.(5) Reconstruction method based on multiple-source data and multidisciplinary research could build historical land-cover from multiple perspectives, complement the missing data, verify reconstruction results and thus improve reconstruction accuracy. However, there are challenges that make the method still in the exploratory stage. This method can be a long-term development goal for the historical land-cover reconstruction. Researchers should focus on rebuilding historical land-cover dataset with high spatial resolution by developing new models so that the study results could be effectively applied in simulations of climatic and ecological effects.     

Multi-frame and multi-dimensional historical digital cities: the Como example

In this article, we present the realisation of a multi-frame and multi-dimensional WebGIS that allows users to simultaneously analyse a specific portion of the Earth taking into account the historical information, too. Two graphical panels have been realised: one for the usual 2D view and one for a more realistic 3D view. Both panels display historical maps of the city, the current orthophoto and the digital topographical map. The 3D frame is based on NASA World Wind, an open source virtual globe from where 3D buildings are shown extruding the 2D shapes using their mean height. Thanks to a specifically designed graphical user interface, it is also possible to dynamically thematise the buildings on the globe according to different criteria (e.g. the construction time span) so that only the geometries fulfilling the request are turned on. Within the proposed application, a synchronisation between the two panels has been implemented, in order to maintain a constant alignment of the two viewers. The application is also open to the time dimension. In fact, assigning to each geometry two dates (e.g. ‘year of construction’ and ‘year of demolition’), it is possible to dynamically view how buildings have changed over time, both in their shape and height. Future developments of this work will concern the possibility of implementing a city model with a higher level of detail.     

舆图数据的整理与编目——关于《重庆历史地图集第一卷·古地图》资料著录的思考

在国家大力建设数字化图书馆的背景下,笔者在《重庆历史地图集》编制过程中,总结了一套关于地方舆图整理与编目的思路,提高了实际工作的效率,并为其他城市在类似项目中提供借鉴,同时为以后建设城市变迁资料数据库打下基础。     

浅谈城镇土地权属调查

本文从实际生产的角度阐述了城镇土地权属调查的工作流程、调查的工作程序、宗地划分的一般原则,并结合各地一些宗地处理的特殊方式以及解决问题的一些策略,对实际生产具有一定的借鉴作用。     

基于临汾2次强震史料与GIS技术对未来强震灾害预测评估

通过对临汾2次历史强震史料的研究,总结出其震害分布特征,对比各类衰减模型绘制的等震线图,确定了对该地区不同震级地震最适用的衰减关系模型和修正值;应用GIS技术的空间分析功能,实现了临汾地区更为直观的震害预测评估系统.再将临汾2次历史强震损失重建,从而预测出临汾地区现有经济社会情况下的地震灾害的损失情况,为其未来防震减灾...     

利用小震分布和区域应力场确定磁县1830年7.5级强震断层面参数

对邯郸地震台网1984-2008年记录的磁县小地震,作双差定位,然后根据定位结果,对磁县历史强震断层参数作反演计算,求解磁县历史强震断层走向、倾角等特征参数,根据当地应力场来估算磁县历史强震断层的滑动角.     

中国历史地震烈度表研究

在比较分析以往烈度表的基础上,着重增加了社会反响标志;对Ⅹ-Ⅻ度的房屋建筑物和地表现象标志进行了调整与补充,完善了作为12阶烈度表相应的《中国历史地震烈度表》.文中对烈度表的各项标志作了简要说明,并列举了国内外10次历史地震事件的评定实例.本文提出的历史地震烈度表,保持了以往烈度表的适用性与一致性.