造山带区域地层学研究的思想和工作方法

将板块构造理论与地层学相结合,提出造山带区域地层学研究的基本思想:一个结构复杂、规模宏大的造山带内部可划分出一系列稳定的中间地块和活动类型的构造带,每一构造带又可进一步划分为若干构造地层带,对造山带区域地层研究的主要方法和各构造地层带构造性质研究的基本方法也作了扼要介绍。     

由历史文献记载反演逐年网格点降水量距平场——气候史料客观定量研究的新探讨

本文尝试由历史文献记载直接反演网格式降水量距平场.这项探讨是利用计算机的文字处理功能,以"中国三千年气象记录总集"1)为基本资料,通过对各地点、各年份气候记载的赋值处理,用Cressman插值方法初步反演生成1501～1900年网格降水量距平场,其时间分辨率为1a,空间分辨率为1°×1°经纬度.这样的网格资料定量含义明确,空间和时间的连续性好,可以方便地与数值模拟结果进行对比,和进行降水的时间、空间变率研究,还可由它生成空间间隔均匀的降水量距平指数的时间序列,进行气候变化分析.     

The Gambler: (re)placing the desire of money

Abstract:  The Gambler conjures a world of myth: not as a fiction of human consciousness but as unconscious image-language. Its ambition is to write geography as material subject. In tracing the discourse written in the built environment the text ranges over the analyses of Marx and Freud and into the gestural worlds of Kafka and the blood sports of the ancient Colosseum. It discovers the myth of New Zealand horse racing, written in pictures in the local pub where virtual racing, abstracted from the living world, (dis)plays on the television screen. Here, finally, The Gambler comes to terms with loss.     

Comparative Accuracy in Four Civil War Maps of the Shenandoah Valley: A GIS Analysis*

This study compares the accuracy of four maps available to Union and Confederate officers during the 1862 Shenandoah Valley campaign of the American Civil War. It examines historical maps of the Valley of Virginia by the following cartographers: James W. Abert, Hermann Böÿe and Lewis von Buchholtz, Jedediah Hotchkiss, and Franz Kappner. Both simple and three‐tiered sinuosity measures are derived for reference points along study map representations of the Shenandoah river system. These data are then statistically compared to corresponding sinuosity data from USGS topographic quadrangles to identify the relative accuracies of the historical maps. This article offers evidence to refute the common historical assumption that Hotchkiss provided Maj. Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson with terrain intelligence that was far superior to that available to his Union opponents. Evidence indicates that maps by Union cartographers as well as the prewar Böÿe‐Buchholtz map were at least as accurate, or superior to, the work of Hotchkiss.     

喀什地区近43年沙尘暴、扬沙天气

根据喀什地区11个气象观测站的地面气象记录月报表，分析了1961～2003年沙尘暴和扬沙天气现象资料，给出了近43年喀什地区沙尘暴和扬沙天气的时空分布特征及其历史演变特征。结果表明：喀什地区沙尘暴和扬沙发生频率较高，大部分县市是沙尘暴的多发区和易发区、扬沙的高频区和多发区；沙尘暴和扬沙平原地区主要发生春季中后期及夏初，山区主要发生在春季；沙尘暴历史演变总体以减少为主，扬沙平原地区逐渐减少，相反高山站塔什库尔干呈增加态势，沙尘暴和扬沙的减少均是在波动中减少的。     

Use of Systematic, Palaeoflood and Historical Data for the Improvement of Flood Risk Estimation. Review of Scientific Methods

The catastrophic floods recently occurring in Europe warn of the critical need forhydrologic data on floods over long-time scales. Palaeoflood techniques provideinformation on hydrologic variability and extreme floods over long-time intervals(100 to 10,000 yr) and may be used in combination with historical flood data (last1,000 yr) and the gauge record (last 30–50 yr). In this paper, advantages anduncertainties related to the reconstruction of palaeofloods in different geomorphologicalsettings and historical floods using different documentary sources are described.Systematic and non-systematic data can be combined in the flood frequency analysisusing different methods for the adjustment of distribution functions. Technical toolsintegrating multidisciplinary approaches (geologic, historical, hydraulic and statistical)on extreme flood risk assessment are discussed. A discussion on the potential theoreticalbases for solving the problem of dealing with non-systematic and non-stationary data ispresented. This methodology is being developed using new methodological approachesapplied to European countries as a part of a European Commission funded project (SPHERE).     

海原断裂带刺儿沟古地震剖面炭屑~(14)C年龄及其意义

在青藏高原东北缘海原断裂带刺儿沟古地震剖面上不仅保存了地震活动的崩积楔遗迹,还发现多层炭屑以及与人类活动有关的铁渣、陶片等遗物,文中运用14C测年法和经红外释光照射后的绿光释光测年法(Post-IR OSL)分别对剖面上的炭屑、烘烤黏土、沉积物等样品进行年龄测定和比对,获得了各炭屑层和人类活动遗迹的年代。测定的人类活动遗迹年代与海原周缘历史记载的强震发生时间序列比对结果表明,刺儿沟人类活动遗迹的形成可能与历史地震无关,过去以炭屑年代作为地层年代来限定古地震发生的时代,建立的古地震事件时序的结果可能不正确,上述工作为进一步研究海原断裂带的强震复发规律和海原地区考古提供了重要的基础资料     

Historical and pooled flood frequency analysis for the River Tay at Perth, Scotland

Improved estimates of UK flood risk during a period of increased climatic variability place challenges on existing methods that rely on short instrumental records. This paper examines the value of using historical data (both documentary and epigraphic) to augment existing gauged records for the River Tay at Perth as part of a multi-method approach to assessing flood risk. Single station and pooled methods are compared with flood risk estimates based on an augmented historical series (1815–2000) using the Generalized Logistic and Generalized Pareto distributions. The value of using an even longer, but less reliable, extended historical series (1210–2000) is also examined. It is recommended that modelling flood risk for return periods >100 years should incorporate historical data, where available, and that a multi-method approach using a high threshold Generalized Pareto distribution can also add confidence in flood risk estimates for return periods <100 years based on standard methods.     

Hermann Wilhelm Abich im Kaukasus: Zum zweihundertsten Geburtstag

Hermann Abich was born in 1806 in Berlin and died in 1886 in Graz. He grew up in a wealthy family which had friendly relations with famous scientists like Alexander von Humboldt, Leopold von Buch or Carl Ritter. After his studies in Heidelberg and Berlin he turned to extended fieldwork at the volcanoes of Italy. In 1833–1834 he published excellent petrological/chemical results and got soon a good scientific reputation. Thus he was nominated as Professor for Geology and Mineralogy of the prestigious Russian University in Dorpat (now Tartu, Esthonia) in 1842. In 1844 he was sent to Armenia by the Russian authorities. For the next three decades his fieldwork with about 190 publications was concentrated on the Great and Lesser Caucasus. This was a period of Russian expansion to the South with long-lasting regional fights. But he enjoyed the support of powerful governors. He was an indefatigable and enthusiastic explorer and a precise observer and designer. His interests covered many fields: morphology, glaciology, structural geology, volcanology with Thermal Springs, mineral resources from hydrocarbons, coal, salt to ores, stratigraphy and paleontology as a base for geological maps. But he also gave advice for practical problems, and he was active in meteorology, botany and archaeology. Alltogether he became “the Father of Caucasus Geology”. The following sketch stresses only on three aspects of his activities. He was one of the first pioneers in hydrocarbon exploration, especially around the anticlines with the mud volcanoes near Baku. In many respects, however, his fundamental ideas were erronous. He explained the structure of the Great Caucasus by the traditional theories of Leopold von Buch and Elie de Beaumont. The Caucasus anticline “was elevated by forces acting from beneath”. Following them he tried to discover regularities in the strike of mountain chains. Similarily he treated volcanism like Alexander von Humboldt and Leopold von Buch with their two groups of phenomena: voluminous, mostly basaltic “elevation craters” versus isolated, mostly trachytic and relatively small cones of “true volcanoes”. In spite of the isolation of the Caucasus region he had cultivated continuously contacts with leading geologists in Europe and was honoured by many institutions. He left Russia in 1876 for Vienna planning to write there the final monograph volumes about his investigations but he died before he could complete them.