上海苏州河鱼类群落的初步研究

苏州河是一条流经上海市区的过境河流.本研究试图以鱼类群落状况来评估该河的环境质量.将2001年采集到的鱼类标本与20世纪60年代上海科技馆(旧名上海自然博物馆)的收藏标本进行对比.1960年代,鱼类物种数有62种,2001年为44种,前后减少18种;其中鲤科鱼类中营底柄生活、食无脊椎动物的鮈亚科鱼类变化明显,减少6种.鱼类的食性结构也发生了明显的变化.食鱼性鱼类的物种比例由1960年代的27.4%下降到2001年的22.7%;食无脊椎动物鱼类的比例由1960年代的24.2%下降到2001年的11.4%,而杂食性鱼类的物种比例则由1960年代的25.8%上升到2001年的38.6%.杂食性鱼类在个体数也占据优势.沿程分布显示上游的物种多样性明显高于下游.以上结果表明苏州河的鱼类群落变得简单.食物网复杂度降低,生物完整性下降,推测其主要原因可能在于作为水生生物柄息地主要构成的底质状况发生了改变.     

Efficacy of adapted estuarine fish-based multimetric indices as tools for evaluating ecological status of the marine environment

The assessment of ecological status of marine fish communities required by the marine strategy framework directive (MSFD) emphasises the need for fish-based ecological indices in marine waters. In this study we adapt five estuarine multimetric indices to the marine environment and apply them in three types of substrates, analysing the metrics responsible for the obtained patterns of ecological status. The results show inefficiency of the community degradation index (CDI) and the biological health index (BHI) in ecological status assessment and disagreement between the estuarine biotic integrity index (EBI), the estuarine fish community index (EFCI) and the transitional fish classification index (TFCI). Analysis of individual metrics suggests lack of representativeness and consideration for the particularities of each substrate’s typical fish communities. None of the tested indices were efficient on the marine environment, urging the need for new marine indices that account for differences between types of substrate and depth.     

新疆巴音布鲁克湿地沉积摇蚊记录对气候变化的响应

基于新疆巴音布鲁克高寒湿地中一碟形洼地沉积岩芯210Pb测年、摇蚊、沉积理化指标分析结果,利用冗余分析,结合气象资料,探讨了近60 a来气候变化对摇蚊演替的影响.摇蚊亚化石组合表明,从1990s开始摇蚊优势种从适应性较强的Chironomus plumosus-type向与水生植物关系密切的Dicrotendips nervosus-type、Paratanytarsus penicillatus-type转变.冗余分析结果表明总有机碳含量和粒度是影响摇蚊组合演替的主要环境因子,两者共同解释了摇蚊组合变化的31%.气候变化通过改变湿地水量平衡影响水生植被、土壤侵蚀和水体扰动,进而影响摇蚊种群演替.     

Responses in Phenotypic Plasticity of Amaranthus palmeri and Polygonum orientale to Soil Factors under Different Habitats

The extension and structure of functional traits variation in response to different soil factors between invasive and native plants are poorly understood. Functional traits and soil factors of the invasive plant Amaranthus palmeri and its coexisting plant Polygonum orientale are investigated under three heterogeneous habitats: roadside (rs), wasteland (wl), and riverbank (rb) in Tianjin, China. The shoot dry weight (SDW) and leaf nitrogen (LN) of A. palmeri are significantly higher compared with P. orientale, while A. palmeri has significantly lower leaf dry weight (LDW), leaf area (LA), leaf carbon (LC), and leaf C/N ratio under different habitats. The larger phenotypic plasticity of A. palmeri is one of the important reasons for their successful invasion to heterogeneous habitats. Similarly, the soil water content (SWC) of both species shows a significant difference (p < 0.05) with maximum in riverbank habitat to lowest in roadside habitat. Soil N/P ratio, C/N ratio, and C/P ratio of rb habitats are significantly lower compared to wl and rs habitats (p < 0.05). A redundancy analysis indicates that SWC is the dominant soil factor affecting the functional traits of A. palmeri and P. orientale. However, A. palmeri forms an environmental adaptation strategy by changing traits of SDW, LN, and leaf C/N ratio, which is different from P. orientale by changing traits of LA and LDW.     

Kidney structure and allometry of Argentine desert rodents

Two large groups of rodents inhabit South America: the hystricognaths and the murids. It has been postulated that while the former show a high degree of specialization to desert habitats, the murids are not well adapted to xeric conditions. We studied the renal structure and function of selected desert-dwelling murid and octodontid (hystricognath) rodents from Argentina to evaluate levels of adaptation to aridity. Our results show that the murids Salinomys, Andalgalomys, Calomys and Eligmodontia have the highest renal indices and urine concentration among Argentine desert rodents. The octodontid Tympanoctomys barrerae shows higher renal indices and urine osmolarity than those of its close relativesOctomys mimax and Octodontomys gliroides . We compare the renal traits of the Argentine desert murids with those of other world-desert rodents such as North American heteromyid rodents. The results show that these Argentine murid rodents posses renal adaptations to conditions which are as impressive as those of both octodontids and the classic desert-adapted heteromyids.     

The spatial arrangement of reefs alters the ecological patterns of fauna between interspersed algal habitats

Reef landscapes dominated by canopy-forming species are often irregular mosaics of habitats, with important influences on associated fauna. This study tested if differences in the ecological patterns of mobile fauna inhabiting interspersed (morphologically distinct) algal habitats were altered by the spatial arrangement of reefs of varying proximity to the shoreline. Specifically, prosobranch gastropods were used as models to test that: (1) there were differences in the ecological patterns (species composition and abundances) between three algal habitats (the kelp Ecklonia radiata, fucalean macroalgae, and erect red algae); (2) the magnitude of these differences depended on the position of reef lines (‘in-shore’ vs. ‘off-shore’); and (3) these effects were regionally consistent across a 4° latitudinal gradient (600 km of coastline) in Western Australia. The ecological patterns of algal-associated gastropods responded strongly to the presence of algal habitats with different physical structure at small spatial scales. Importantly, differences in assemblage structure (e.g. differences in total abundances) between habitats across the latitudinal gradient were especially accentuated on the in-shore reefs compared with the off-shore reefs, where a general amelioration of differences between habitats was observed, probably associated with a more widespread effect of stronger wave forces across habitats. Overall, red algae supported higher total abundances and species richness (per algal weight) compared to the other algal habitats, particularly on in-shore reefs. Patterns for individual species were considerably location-dependent, reflecting the natural variability of species across geographical gradients. In contrast, patterns at the assemblage-level were consistent, providing evidence for the existence of general rules underlying the assemblage-level organization of mobile invertebrates on subtidal reefs across this geographical gradient.     

Downstream hydrologic and geomorphic effects of large dams on American rivers

The hydrology and geomorphology of large rivers in America reflect the pervasive influence of an extensive water control infrastructure including more than 75,000 dams. One hundred thirty-seven of the very large dams, each storing 1.2 km³ (10⁶ acre feet) of water or more, alter the flows of every large river in the country. The hydrologic effects of these very large dams emerge from an analysis of the stream gage records of 72 river reaches organized into 36 pairs. One member of each pair is an unregulated reach above a dam, whereas the other is a regulated reach downstream from the same structure. Comparison of the regulated and unregulated reaches shows that very large dams, on average, reduce annual peak discharges 67% (in some individual cases up to 90%), decrease the ratio of annual maximum/mean flow 60%, decrease the range of daily discharges 64%, increase the number of reversals in discharge by 34%, and reduce the daily rates of ramping as much as 60%. Dams alter the timing of high and low flows and change the timing of the yearly maximum and minimum flows, in some cases by as much as half a year. Regional variation in rivers, dams, and responses are substantial: rivers in the Great Plains and Ozark/Ouachita regions have annual maximum/mean flow ratios that are 7 times greater than ratios for rivers in the Pacific Northwest. At the same time, the ratio of storage capacity/mean annual water yield for dams is greatest for Interior Western, Ozark/Ouachita and Great Plains rivers and least for Pacific Northwest streams. Thus, in many cases those rivers with the highest annual variability have the greatest potential impact from dams because structures can exert substantial control over downstream hydrology. The hydrologic changes by dams have fostered dramatic geomorphic differences between regulated and unregulated reaches. When compared to similar unregulated reaches, regulated reaches have 32% larger low flow channels, 50% smaller high flow channels, 79% less active flood plain area, and 3.6 times more inactive flood plain area. Dams also affect the area of active areas, the functional surfaces that are functionally connected to the present regime of the river. Regulated reaches have active areas that are 72 smaller than the active areas of similar unregulated reaches. The geomorphic complexity (number of separate functional surfaces per unit of channel length) is 37% less in regulated reaches. Reductions in the size of hydrologically active functional surfaces are greatest in rivers in the Great Plains and least in Eastern streams. The largest differences in geomorphic complexity are in interior western rivers. The shrunken, simplified geomorphology of regulated large rivers has had direct effects on riparian ecology, producing spatially smaller, less diverse riparian ecosystems compared to the larger, more complex ecosystems along unregulated reaches of rivers.     

香港湿地公园规划理念

香港湿地公园是香港特别行政区政府指定的千禧年基本工程项目之一。它位于香港新界西北部,天水围新市镇以北,毗邻米埔内后海湾拉姆萨尔湿地。公园占地约61hm2,包括一个占地约10000m2的访客中心,及60hm2为野生生物而建造的户外再造生境。访客在这里可亲身体验世界各地不同的湿地生态环境。公园预期于2006年年初启用。     

杂食性鱼类对浅水水体底栖—浮游生境耦合作用的影响:微综述

浅水水体存在着强烈的底栖—浮游生境耦合作用,耦合的结果决定着水生态系统关键特征.在缺少大型水生植物的浅水系统中,底栖藻类和浮游藻类对光照和营养盐的竞争是底栖—浮游生境耦合最为重要的生态过程之一,但该过程受到杂食性鱼类的影响.本文以浅水水体的底栖—浮游生境耦合作用为切入点,综述了杂食性鱼类对浅水水体底栖—浮游生境耦合作用...     

Invasion of a New Zealand freshwater stream by glass‐eels of two Anguilla spp.

Recruitment of glass‐eels into freshwater is in two distinct phases characterised by behavioural differences: an initial invasion from the sea, and an upstream migration. Catches made at night in the Makara Stream, Wellington (41° 13'S, 174° 43’ E) indicate that the invasion by both New Zealand species commences in July, with that of the long‐finned eel Anguilla dieffenbachii Gray finishing by November, and that of the short‐finned eel A. ausiralis schmidlii Phillipps by December.

The length of post‐metamorphic sea‐life influences both morphology and behaviour of the glass‐eels. Differences in this period of sea‐life between early and late season glass‐eels explain the initial avoidance but later attraction of fresh water to the glass‐eels. Responses to fresh water also explain the preference for early season glass‐eels to invade on the flood tide and late season glass‐eels on the ebb tide. Neither the lunar cycle nor rainfall appear to be significant influences on invasion periodicity.