Evaporite Dissolution Subsidence in the Historical City of Calatayud,Spain: Damage Appraisal and Prevention

Calatayud in NE Spain is an historically important city built on recent alluvial deposits underlain by gypsum and other soluble rocks. Since its foundation by the Muslims in 716 A.D., the city development has been strongly influenced by geohazards including flooding, subsidence and slope movements. Most of the flooding problems have been mitigated by diversion of the local drainage. However, dissolution of the evaporite bedrock in the urban areas continually causes subsidence and triggers rock-falls from the gypsum cliffs overlooking the city. Subsidence is also caused by the hydrocollapse of gypsiferous silt in the alluvial fan deposits. Building damage in the city was surveyed using a classification scheme developed originally to record damage in British coal mining areas. The Calatayud damage survey shows that the worst building subsidence is concentrated along the line of a buried channel that runs underneath the gypsiferous silt alluvial fan. Natural subsurface drainage causes the dissolution and subsidence, which is aggravated by leakage from water and sewage pipes. Some building damage has been exacerbated during reconstruction by incomplete piling leaving buildings partially unsupported. Mitigation measures include the control of water leakage by the installation of flexible service pipes. Careful construction techniques are needed for both conservation and new developments, especially when piled and minipiled foundations are used. Geomorphological mapping is cost-effective in helping to locate and avoid the zones of subsidence for future development.     

平邑石膏矿坍塌事故救援成功后的几点思考

2015年12月25日,平邑某石膏矿发生垮塌事故,多人被埋井下。救援人员经过共同努力,将被困井下36天的4名幸存矿工成功救出,创造了中国矿山救援史上第一个通过地面打孔救援的案例。针对该案例,对矿山事故救援、矿山地质灾害预防及治理、地面钻进大口径钻孔应急救援技术等相关问题进行了思考。     

中国北方宁南盆地古近纪晚期咸化湖盆演化及其区域地质意义

本文以宁南盆地北部的贺家口子清水营组剖面为研究目标,对古近纪晚期清水营组的岩性特征、石膏主元素地球化学特征和泥岩有机地球化学特征进行研究,结果表明:清水营组岩性以灰绿-紫红色泥岩、石膏及二者互层为主,可划分为8个二级沉积旋回和3个一级沉积旋回。石膏中CaO含量反映了咸化湖盆中石膏的化学沉积作用,Al_2O_3等为陆源碎屑来源,清水营组下段为盐湖深水环境沉积的纯净石膏;中段石膏沉积的水体较浅。清水营组下段地层泥岩TOC和生烃潜量(S_1+S_2)较高,说明在咸化湖盆演化早期气候较湿润、水体较深;而泥岩降解潜力相对小,反映有机质以高等植物来源为主,陆源输入较多。在此研究基础上,认为宁南盆地清水营组沉积包括:蒸发岩的沉积和碎屑岩的沉积;咸化湖盆演化尚未达到钾盐等盐岩沉淀的高浓缩阶段。咸化湖盆演化主要经历了早期封闭深水盐湖发育阶段、中期封闭浅水盐湖鼎盛阶段和晚期开阔浅水盐湖消亡阶段。宁南盆地古近纪晚期咸化湖盆演化与盆地的持续构造沉降和各次级沉积坳陷最终连为统一的湖泊这一重大区域沉积事件有明显的响应关系。     

膏岩三轴压缩试验及高温相变特征研究

采用伺服刚性试验机对天然膏岩开展三轴压缩试验,研究了温度及围压对膏岩强度及变形特性的影响。结果表明,膏岩在不同围压下均具有良好的塑性流动特性,加载后无明显的剪切破坏面,而是出现明显的侧向膨胀。根据三轴试验结果,利用摩尔-库仑定律得到了膏岩的强度准则及抗剪强度参数。升高温度导致膏岩强度降低,且高温下石膏发生晶型转变,从二水石膏脱水转变为半水石膏,利用扫描电镜和X衍射对此过程进行了研究。脱水过程导致瞬间孔隙应力增加,膏岩破坏特性由延性转变为脆性。随着持续加载,破裂断面逐渐愈合。膏岩显著的塑性流动能力及快速的裂隙愈合能力对于天然气盖层的封闭稳定性具有重要意义。     

The Effect of Additives on Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate Crystallization Kinetics in Gypsum Type Brine System

正1 Introduction There exist calcium and sulfate ions outside sodium chloride in solution mining for calcium sulfate brine.The calcium and sulfate ions not only affect the purity of the vacuum salt products,but also increase the scaling of vacuum evaporation tanks and brine reusing pipes.Additives have certain impacts on the crystallization dynamics(Randolph et al.,1971).The crystallization     

库车坳陷第三系盐膏质盖层特征及其对油气成藏的控制作用

库车坳陷的第三系盐膏质区域盖层具有厚度大、分布广、岩性致密、突破压力高、地层压力也很高的特点,属于封闭性特别强的区域盖层;在坳陷的成藏系统中,起着应变分隔带、流体压力屏障、油气成藏机制分界线的作用;在其上下出现了两种成藏模式-克拉苏模式和大宛齐模式。这套盖层是坳陷油气富集的最重要条件之一,也是我国最优良气田-克拉2大气田形成的最重要条件之一。在其下还会有更多的克拉2型的气田存在。     

Authigenic gypsum found in gas hydrate-associated sediments from Hydrate Ridge, the eastern North Pacific

Hydrate Ridge is located at the second accretion-ary ridge along the Cascadia margin of Oregon in the eastern North Pacific (fig. 1). The Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR) underlies the entire Hydrate Ridge[1]. The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) in 1992 at Site 892 and the TECFLUX99 and 2000 showed that the gas hydrate occurs just beneath the thin sediment- covered surface and at the horizon of around 64 meter below seafloor (mbsf) on Hydrate Ridge[25]. The col-lision of the Juan de …     

平邑盆地古近纪官庄群沉积建造与膏岩富集规律

平邑盆地是蒙山断裂多期次活动的产物,盆地内沉积了厚约1700多米的新生代古近纪官庄群杂色-红色碎屑岩建造。将官庄群沉积建造、剖面类型,结合含膏岩系的沉积特点,可以划分为3个不同级别的沉积韵律,它们分别反映出含膏岩系在时间和空间上的变化趋势。蒙山断裂及盆地内次级断裂的阶段性活动,使盆地表现为升降运动,下降时成矿物质聚集、保存,相对稳定期是膏岩形成的有利期。     

Geotechnical evaluation of Miocene gypsum from Sivas (Turkey)

Gypsum is widely distributed in Sivas (Turkey), occurring chiefly in the formations of Miocene age. The gypsum is generally of the alabastrine type with a little of the porphiroblast type and contains traces of clay minerals, anhydrite and calcite. It is a moderately strong rock in terms of its unconfined compressive strength which is related to the crystal size. Strength increases as the crystal size decreases. The strength of gypsum was reduced by approximately 55%, when the samples were kept in the water for 20 days. Most samples exhibit plastic–elastic–plastic deformation. The gypsum has a high modulus ratio, and is a moderately deformable rock. High lateral deformations and low vertical deformations are observed under the vertical stress conditions in accordance with the relationship between modulus ratio and strain.     

The role of gypsum and/or dolomite dissolution in tufa precipitation: lessons from the hydrochemistry of a carbonate–sulphate karst system

The precipitation of freshwater carbonates (tufa) along karstic rivers is enhanced by degassing of carbon dioxide (CO₂) downstream of karstic springs. However, in most karstic springs CO₂ degassing is not enough to force the precipitation of tufa sediments. Little is known about the role of dissolution of gypsum or dolomite in the hydrochemistry of these systems and how this affects the formation of tufa deposits. Here we present a monitoring study conducted over a year in Trabaque River (Spain). The river has typical karst hydrological dynamics with water sinking upstream and re‐emerging downstream of the canyon. Mixing of calcium–magnesium bicarbonate and calcium sulphate waters downstream of the sink enhances the dissolution of carbonates and potentially plays a positive role in the formation of tufa sediments. However, due to the common‐ion effect, dissolution of dolomite and/or gypsum causes precipitation of underground calcite cements as part of the incongruent dissolution of dolomite/dedolomitization process, which limits the precipitation of tufa sediments. Current precipitation of tufa is scant compared to previous Holocene tufa deposits, which likely precipitated from solutions with higher saturation indexes of calcite (SIcc values) than nowadays. Limited incongruent dissolution of dolomite/dedolomitization favours higher SIcc values. This circumstance occurs when waters with relatively high supersaturation of dolomite and low SO₄^2? composition sink in the upper sector of the canyon. In such a scenario, the process of mixing waters enhances the exclusive dissolution of limestones, preventing the precipitation of calcite within the aquifer and favouring the increase of SIcc values downstream of the springs. Such conditions were recorded during periods of high water level of the aquifers and during floods. This research shows that the common‐ion effect caused by the dissolution of gypsum and/or dolomite rocks can limit [or favour] the precipitation of tufa sediments depending on the occurrence [or not] of incongruent dissolution of dolomite/dedolomitization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.