地震波效应与山体斜坡震裂机理深入分析

"5·12"汶川大地震造成了大量山体斜坡震裂变形和破坏现象,为深入研究其力学机理,通过实例详细调查及地震中体波效应和面波效应的深入分析,认为地震中地震波的作用使山体斜坡表部岩土体尤其是坡肩部位受到量值和方向不断变化的拉张应力作用,该作用在垂直平面内表现为全方位动态变化特点,导致坡肩岩土体具有旋转倾倒和正、反拉作用;与此同时在坡体内部伴随出现潜在剪动作用力及岩土体的开裂和压碎现象,尤其在潜在滑动面上剪切作用力更为集中;此外坡体表面还受到鼓胀拉力和扭力的共同作用.据此可将地震波作用效应划分为4种重要表现形式,即拉一剪破裂效应、界面动应力效应、潜在的楔劈效应和超空(孔)隙水压力激发机制.分析结果与实例及振动模拟结果一致.研究成果可为灾后重建和防灾减灾提供参考.     

The position and role of Wuhan City in the regional economic macro-strategies of China

Taking the development of export-oriented economy (the strength and temporal sequence) as a main line, this paper discusses and analyses the position and role of Wuhan, which is the biggest metropolis in the central China and the middle section of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River basin, in the regional economic macro-strategy of China from a new visual sight. On the basis of the background of a large economic triangle constructed by Hongkong, Wuhan and Shanghai, the paper discusses the relations between Wuhan and Hongkong, Wuhan and Shanghai. The aim of the paper is to provide some new evidences for the development of great regional economy of China under the copropelling of the three great economic pivots. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

木星“大红斑”的旋转浅水实验模拟研究

在具有自由表面的旋转轨物面浅水实验系统上进行了可重复的系列模拟实验，在旋转随动坐标系中拍摄的照片和功率谱分析表明，确有大尺度持续存在的涡旋、漂移与演化产生，在一定条件下，呈现出一个自持的、长寿命的、沿与整体旋转方向相反方向漂移的反气旋孤立波涡旋（Rossby孤立波涡旋），这就是木星“大红斑”的实验室模型，实验结果证实，流体动力学不稳定主要来自于剪切和Coriolis力效应，由于远离平衡态的耗散系统的自组织，涌现出大尺度长寿命相干涡旋结构，受多次实验的启发，从流体动力学基本方程出发，在一定的实验条件下提出一个半经验模型，近似求出了Rossby孤立波涡旋解。     

CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS: CHINA′ S URBAN GOVERNANCE

China′ s urban reforms have brought social progress and development, but a comprehensive national system of social welfare (for example, unemployment insurance, pensions, medical care and public housing) for new migrants from rural areas is lacking. One of the most remarkable changes in Chinese cities in the last decade was a change in social " equality", with the rise of new poverty both in individual communities and some social groups in urban society. However, there is little social assistance and public infrastructure for the migrants. Governments or communities or individual should pay attention to the control of new urban poverty and new slums. This paper consider that it is necessary to launch a successful policy, which include mainly: 1) accommodating urban growth through low-cost investment projects; 2) urban economy depends heavily on successful macroeconomic policy; 3) to broaden the three channels linking adjustment to the incidence of urban poverty; 4) to restructure urban economic based on the high or new technology; 5) to coordinate relationship between urban economic growth and environment management for sustainable development of Beijing′ s metropolitan fringe.     

基于知识的高分辨率影像长城目标提取方法研究

通过对高分辨率影像上长城特征的分析,本文提出了“在山地地貌条件下长城沿山脊线分布”的推理假设,基于该假设,进一步提出了以基于梯度方向滤波的边缘提取、基于DEM山脊特征的长城边缘线段判定以及基于区域特征的线状区域分割相结合的长城提取算法。通过基于1m分辨率正射影像的相关实验表明该方法能有效提取山地条件下的长城目标     

金元四大家治疗水肿用药规律分析

目的：研究金元四大家治疗水肿的用药规律。方法：收集金元四大家医学著作中治疗水肿的中药处方,利用WPS Excel 软件建立方药数据库,应用SPSS 20.0、IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0、Cytoscape统计软件进行中药的频数、性味、归经分析,对高频中药进行功效、因子、关联规则分析及核心中药网络分析。结果：共获得处方64首,中药120味。中药总使用频次为502次,高频中药16味,排前5位的中药依次为陈皮、茯苓、泽泻、白术、牵牛子。高频中药排前3位的功效依次为利水渗湿、峻下逐水、理气。中药四气以寒、温、平性为主,五味以苦、甘、辛味为主,归经以脾、肾、肺经为主。因子分析共得到中药组合类方5组。关联规则分析中,支持度最高的药对为茯苓-白术、茯苓-泽泻,药组为大戟-芜花-甘遂、甘草-茯苓-白术,泽泻-茯苓-白术,陈皮-茯苓-白术。核心中药网络分析得到2组核心组方。结论：金元四大家治疗水肿主要从脾、肾、肺三脏论治,病机以脾虚湿盛、湿热内蕴、气滞湿阻、肺失宣肃为主,治法以健脾化湿、培土制水、清热化湿、利水消肿、峻下逐水、泻肺利水为主,常用方剂有神佑丸、白术木香散、葶苈木香散、胃苓汤等。     

Salinia revisited: a crystalline nappe sequence lying above the Nacimiento fault and dispersed along the San Andreas fault system,central California

Salinia, as originally defined, is a fault-bounded terrane in westcentral California. As defined, Salinia lies between the Nacimiento fault on the west, and the Northern San Andreas fault (NSAF) and the main trace of the dextral SAF system on the east. This allochthonous terrane was translated from the southern part of the Sierra Nevada batholith and adjacent western Mojave Desert region by Neogene-Quaternary displacement along the SAF system. The Salina crystalline basement formed a westward promontory in the SW Cordilleran Cretaceous batholithic belt, relative to the Sierra Nevada batholith to the north and the Peninsular Ranges batholith to the south, making Salinia batholithic rocks susceptible to capture by the Pacific plate when the San Andreas transform system developed. Proper restoration of offsets on all branches of the San Andreas system is a critical factor in understanding the Salinia problem. When cumulative dextral slip of 171 km (106 mi) along the Hosgri–San Simeon–San Gregorio–Pilarcitos fault zone (S–N), or dextral slip of 200 km (124 mi) along the Hosgri–San Simeon–San Gregorio–Pilarcitos–northern San Andreas fault system, is added to the cumulative dextral slip of 315–322 km (196–200 mi) along the main trace of the SAF north of the San Emigdio–Tehachapi mountains, central California, there is a minimum amount of cumulative dextral slip of 486 km (302 mi) or a maximum amount of cumulative dextral slip of 522 km (324 mi) along the entire SAF system north of the Tehachapi Mountains. When these sums are compared with the offset distance (610–675 km or 379–420 mi) between the batholithic rocks associated with the Navarro structural discontinuity (NSD) in northern California, and those in the ‘tail’ of the southern Sierra Nevada granitic rocks in the San Emigdio–Tehachapi mountains, central California, a minimum deficit of from ～100 km (～62 mi) to a maximum deficit of ～189 km (～118 mi) is needed to restore the crystalline rocks associated with the NSD with the crystalline terranes within the San Emigdio and Tehachapi mountains – the enigma of Salinia. Two principal geologic models compete to explain the enigma (i.e. the discrepancy between measured dextral slip along traces of the SAF system and the amount of separation between the Sierra Nevada batholithic rocks near Point Arena in northern California and the Mesozoic and older crystalline rocks in the San Emigdio and Tehachapi mountains in southern California). (i) One model proposes pre-Neogene (>23 Ma), Late Cretaceous or Maastrichtian (<ca. 71 Ma) to early Palaeocene or Danian (ca. 66 Ma) sinistral slip of 500–600 km (311–373 mi) along the Nacimiento fault and of the western flank of Salinia from the eastern flank of the Peninsular Ranges (sinistral slip but in the opposite sense to later Neogene (<23 Ma) dextral slip along and within the SAF system. (ii) A second model proposes that the crystalline rocks of Salinia comprise a series of 100 km- (60 mi-) scale allochthonous (extensional) nappes that rode southwestward above the Rand schist–Sierra de Salinas (SdS) shear zone subduction extrusion channels. The allochthonous nappes are from NW–SE: (i) Farallon Islands–Santa Cruz Mountains–Montara Mountain, and adjacent batholithic fragments that appear to have been derived from the top of the deep-level Sierra Nevada batholith of the western San Emigdio–Tehachapi mountains; (ii) the Logan Quarry–Loma Prieta Peak fragments that appear to have been derived from the top of a buried detachment fault that forms the basement surface beneath the Maricopa sub-basin of the southernmost Great Valley; (iii) The Pastoria plate–Gabilan Range massif that appears to have been derived from the top of the deep-level SE Sierra Nevada batholith; and (iv) the Santa Lucia–SdS massif, which appears to be lower batholithic crust and underlying extruded schist that were breached westwards from the central to western Mojave Desert region. In this model, lower crustal batholithic blocks underwent ductile stretching above the extrusion channel schists, while mid- to upper-crustal level rocks rode southwestwards and westwards along trenchward dipping detachment faults. Salinian basement rocks of the Santa Lucia Range and the Big Sur area record the most complete geologic history of the displaced terrane. The oldest rocks consist of screens of Palaeozoic marine metasedimentary rocks (the Sur Series), including biotite gneiss and schist, quartzite, granulite gneiss, granofels, and marble. The Sur Series was intruded during Cretaceous high-flux batholithic magmatism by granodiorite, diorite, quartz diorite, and at deepest levels, charnockitic tonalite. Local nonconformable remnants of Campanian–Maastrichtian marine strata lie on the deep-level Salinia basement, and record deposition in an extensional setting. These Cretaceous strata are correlated with the middle to upper Campanian Pigeon Point (PiP) Formation south of San Francisco. The Upper Cretaceous strata, belonging to the Great Valley Sequence, include clasts of the basement rocks and felsic volcanic clasts that in Late Cretaceous time were brought to a coastal region by streams and rivers from Mesozoic felsic volcanic rocks in the Mojave Desert. The Rand and SdS schists of southern California were underplated beneath the southern Sierra Nevada batholith and the adjacent Salinia-Mojave region along a shallow segment of the subducting Farallon plate during Late Cretaceous time. The subduction trajectory of these schists concluded with an abrupt extrusion phase. During extrusion, the schists were transported to the SW from deep- to shallow-crustal levels as the low-angle subduction megathrust surface was transformed into a mylonitic low-angle normal fault system (i.e. Rand fault and Salinas shear zone). The upper batholithic plate(s) was(ere) partially coupled to the extrusion flow pattern, which resulted in 100 km-scale westward displacements of the upper plate(s). Structural stacking, temporal and metamorphic facies relations suggest that the Nacimiento (subduction megathrust) fault formed beneath the Rand-SdS extrusion channel. Metamorphic and structural relations in lower plate Franciscan rocks beneath the Nacimiento fault suggest a terminal phase of extrusion as well, during which the overlying Salinia underwent extension and subsidence to marine conditions. Westward extrusion of the subduction-underplated rocks and their upper batholithic plates rendered these Salinia rocks susceptible to subsequent capture by the SAF system. Evidence supporting the conclusion that the Nacimiento fault is principally a megathrust includes: (i) shear planes of the Nacimiento fault zone in the westcentral Coast Ranges locally dip NE at low angles. (ii) Klippen and/or faulted klippen are locally present along the trace of the Nacimiento fault zone from the Big Creek–Vicente Creek region south of Point Sur near Monterey, to east of San Simeon near San Luis Obispo in central California. Allochthonous detachment sheets and windows into their underplated schists comprise a composite Salinia terrane. The nappe complex forming the allochthon of Salinia was translated westward and northwestward ～100 km (～62 mi) above the Nacimiento megathrust or Franciscan subduction megathrust from SE California between ca. 66 and ca. 61 Ma (i.e. latest Cretaceous–earliest Palaeocene time). Much, or all, of the westward breaching of the Salinia batholithic rocks likely occurred above the extrusion channels of the Rand-SdS schists; following this event, the Franciscan Sur-Obispo terrane was thrust beneath the schists, perhaps during the final stages of extrusion in the upper channel. Later, the Sur-Obispo terrane was partially extruded from beneath the Salinia nappe terrane, during which time the upper plate(s) underwent extension and subsidence to marine conditions. Attenuation of the Salinia nappe sequence during the extrusion of the Franciscan Complex thinned the upper crust, making the upper plates susceptible to erosion from the top of the Franciscan Complex near San Simeon, where it is now exposed. In the San Emigdio Mountains, the relatively thin structural thickness of the upper batholithic plates made them susceptible to late Cenozoic flexural folding and disruption by high-angle dip–slip faults. The ～100 km (～62 mi) of westward and northwestward breaching of the Salinia batholithic rocks above the Rand-SdS channels, and the underlying Nacimiento fault followed by ～510 km (～320 mi) of dextral slip from ～23 Ma to Holocene time along the SAF system, allow for the palinspastic restoration of Salinia with the crystalline rocks of the San Emigdio–Tehachapi mountains and the Mojave terrane, resolving the enigma of Salinia.     

日本的防震减灾与震后救援概述

日本地处环太平洋地震带,1998-2007年,日本共发生震级为6．0以上的地震199次,约占全球同等规模地震总数961次的20．7％左右,但由其导致的灾害死亡人数仅占世界的9％（中国却占约30％）。他山之石,可以攻玉,中国和日本都是地震多发国家,比较而言,在国民防震减灾教育与震后救援,及日本人普遍能够从容面对地震灾害的日常习惯等方面,日本的做法及获得的经验,值得我国政府和社会公众两方面加以借鉴。     

数字化水位仪观测的苏门答腊大地震激发的地球球型自由振荡

利用LN-3型数字化水位仪的观测资料,采用功率谱密度估计方法,在没有对资料进行去固体潮处理的情况下,获得了2004年12月26日苏门答腊大地震激发的0S3～0S30基频球型自由振荡,并检测到2S1、1S2、1S3、2S5和2S6等5个谐频球型振荡,同时记录到一些明显的振型的谱线分裂现象。用水位观测资料提取了0S3、0S4和2S1等3个振型的谱线分裂周期,虽然3个振型均只得到2个单峰,但地球自由振荡谱线分裂现象的检测为研究地球的深内部结构提供了新的、不同类型的观测资料。研究表明,用数字化水位仪的观测资料可以提取到苏门答腊大地震激发的地球球型振荡,为地球自由振荡的研究提供了一种新的观测手段。     

基于GPS观测的汶川地震参数反演与库仑应力变化分析

利用汶川MS8.0地震前后的GPS观测资料,借助Okada矩形位错模型反演汶川地震参数,进而应用反演所得地震参数,计算地震在其周围GPS资料负位错反演所得震前应变积累断层段上可能造成的库仑破裂静应力变化,分析地震对其周围构造断裂应变积累的影响。结果表明,汶川震区呈显著逆冲兼右旋走滑同震变化,对甘川交界东段—甘川陕交界区、鲜水河断裂南段与安宁河断裂北端应变积累有一定程度影响,可能以增强作用为主。