Dynamic testing and system identification of a multi-span highway bridge

A simple and effective procedure for conducting the free vibration test on highway bridges is presented. The impulsive force in each direction is generated by a loaded truck that either stops suddenly or falls down from a rigid block. The feasibility of the procedure is demonstrated in identification of the dynamic properties, i.e. the vibration frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios, of a three-span box-girder concrete bridge using the Ibrahim Time-Domain (ITD) technique. Up to 14 modes have been identified for the present case. For the purpose of verification, ambient vibration tests were also carried out, with the data processed by the random decrement (Randomdec) technique to yield the free vibration response, followed by the ITD technique. The dynamic properties identified from the two types of test correlate very well with each other, indicating the validity of each procedure described herein. Although many more modes can be identified from the free vibration test because of the higher quality of data produced, the easiness and general applicability of the ambient vibration test can still be appreciated. A comparison of the experimental results with those by the finite element method indicated a lesser degree of correlation, implying that the finite element model adopted in design requires further refinement, say, through a more realistic evaluation of the boundary conditions, geometric and material properties of the bridge. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Real-time on-line test for MDOF systems

This paper presents a test system for conducting on-line tests in a real time and a series of real-time on-line tests conducted to verify the effectiveness of the system. The proposed system is characterized by (1) use of a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) now readily available, (2) adoption of the C language to ensure easy programming, and (3) separation of response analysis and displacement signal generation to apply the system for tests with complex structures. To create displacement signals successively without being interrupted by the computation of equations of motion, extrapolation and interpolation procedures using present and past target displacements are developed. Base-isolated building models were chosen for the real-time on-line test. The effectiveness of the extrapolation and interpolation procedures was demonstrated through a series of real-time on-line tests applied to the models treated as SDOF structures. A five-storey base-isolated building model (treated as a six DOF structure) was tested for various ground motions, and it was verified that the system is able to simulate earthquake responses involving large displacements and large velocities. The number of DOFs that can be handled in the proposed system was investigated, and it was found that the system is capable of performing the test with reasonable accuracy for up to 10 DOF structures with a range of response frequency not greater than 3·0 Hz, or 12 DOF structures with a range of response frequency not greater than 2·0 Hz. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Disturbed state model for sand–geosynthetic interfaces and application to pull-out tests

Successful numerical simulation of geosynthetic-reinforced earth structures depends on selecting proper constitutive models for soils, geosynthetics and soil–geosynthetic interfaces. Many constitutive models are available for modelling soils and geosynthetics. However, constitutive models for soil–geosynthetic interfaces which can capture most of the important characteristics of interface response are not readily available. In this paper, an elasto-plastic constitutive model based on the disturbed state concept (DSC) for geosynthetic–soil interfaces has been presented. The proposed model is capable of capturing most of the important characteristics of interface response, such as dilation, hardening and softening. The behaviour of interfaces under the direct shear test has been predicted by the model. The present model has been implemented in the finite element procedure in association with the thin-layer element. Five pull-out tests with two different geogrids have been simulated numerically using FEM. For the calibration of the constitutive models used in FEM, the standard laboratory tests used are: (1) triaxial tests for the sand, (2) direct shear tests for the interfaces and (3) axial tension tests for the geogrids. The results of the finite element simulations of pull-out tests agree well with the test data. The proposed model can be used for the stress-deformation study of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments through numerical simulation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气象中使用统计检验的几个问题

针对目前在气象和气候要素变化分析中,对相关系数和合成分析使用统计检验存在的若干问题进行评论。认为对相关系数等统计检验,不应该称为“信度检验”,其检验水平也不应该称为“95％置信度”,而应该称为“显性检验”,“显性水平为5％”。     

CINRAD/CB脉冲多普勒天气雷达数字中频接收机

介绍CINRAD/CB脉冲多普勒天气雷达数字中频接收机的主要功能和技术性能.CINRAD/CB雷达接收机的主要特点是高灵敏、采用了数字中频采样、带AGC的大动态接收范围、低相噪频率综合器、在线测试、系统在线定标和整机性能的测量等技术,采用了高稳定频率源和全相干技术体制.简述了CINRAD/CB雷达接收机的组成和工作原理,给出接收系统的组成框图,对该系统接收机的灵敏度、噪声系数、动态范围等性能指标进行了分析.     

RAMS模式在山谷城市模拟性能的检验

 利用2005年冬季兰州边界层试验的观测数据,分别从边界层结构、近地面温度和风速、地表通量等几个方面检验了RAMS在山谷城市的模拟性能。RAMS模式能很好地捕捉边界层结构特征,模拟的白天混合层高度和夜间稳定边界层高度和观测值非常一致。模式能较好地模拟近地面温度和地表通量的日变化特征。对模拟偏差进行统计分析,结果显示RAMS对近地面温度和风速的模拟结果是可以接受的:近地面温度的平均偏差为-1.73 ℃,RMSE为2.16 ℃,风速的平均偏差为0.35 m·s-1,RMSE和RMSVE分别为1.61 m·s-1和3.15 m·s-1。研究表明,RAMS适合作为研究兰州山谷城市大气边界层的工具。     

考虑厚跨比的基桩下伏溶洞顶板冲切特性试验研究

根据相似理论,设计并完成了4组厚跨比条件下基桩下伏溶洞顶板冲切特性大比例室内模型试验,得到了基桩和顶板的荷载-位移曲线、顶板底面的应变-位移曲线,并分析了桩-溶洞体系冲切特性承载机制。结果表明,基桩荷载-位移曲线在加载过程中出现了两个较为明显的弹塑性区;顶板表面荷载-位移曲线中,厚跨比 和 时的位移在加载过程中出现回弹。与此同时,试验板底面应变变化与底面裂缝的发展趋势相吻合。试验板的冲切破坏是剪切效应和弯曲效应综合作用的结果,随着厚跨比的增大,桩-溶洞体系的极限承载力有所增大,位移量有所减小,剪切效应趋于明显,弯曲效应逐渐消失。冲切锥台的形状随着厚跨比变化显著,厚跨比 时,冲切锥台较为厚实,且沿边界破坏;厚跨比 时,冲切锥台则不受限制。最后,通过分析4组厚跨比条件下试验板冲切锥台,拟合了冲切锥台破坏母线与厚跨比 和基桩直径 的关系曲线,为岩溶区基桩溶洞顶板的理论研究和工程实践提供了依据。     

土工织物-砂土界面的叠环式剪切试验

针对土工合成材料界面特性试验易受试验装置影响的特点,采用大型叠环式剪切仪进行土工织物与砂土的界面剪切试验。对比砂土本身、土工织物与砂土的两种剪切试验结果发现,土工织物-砂土剪切引起的叠环位移较小;叠环的水平位移变化规律与土体的剪胀性具有密切联系,土工织物限制了下剪切盒内土颗粒的运动,对达到峰值强度时的土体剪胀也具有抑制作用。由试验结果可知,筋-土界面的剪切带远小于剪切的影响范围,土工织物在界面剪切中的作用不能仅通过剪切带反映,还应考虑土工织物的屏蔽作用和对于土体剪切带形成的影响。     

主动与被动状态下墙体侧向位移近似计算

极限状态下墙体侧向位移对土压力计算和支挡结构设计影响显著。根据Rankine变形体和Coulomb刚塑体模型,将墙后土体变形分别当作单剪和直剪试验中试样的剪切过程,以达到极限剪切变形（剪应变或单位长度剪切位移）作为进入主被动状态标准,构建了土体变形与墙体位移的几何关系,提出了反映土体变形与强度特性,同时考虑静止时初始应力状态影响的墙体极限侧向位移近似计算模型。分析表明：土体极限剪切变形、滑移区范围、初始应力状态是影响墙体极限位移的核心要素,其中极限剪切变形占据主导作用,是导致不同颗粒组成及密实程度土体进入极限状态所需墙体位移差异显著的主要原因,而主被动区范围不同和因静止土压力系数 1引起的初始剪切变形,则是被动状态墙体位移远大于主动的关键因素;算例中主动与被动状态下墙体位移与墙高之比分别介于0.5‰～13.2‰和?0.4%～?5.2%,且主动状态下细粒土墙体位移大于粗粒土,计算结果与工程经验及相关文献模型试验基本一致。     

厚垫层-砂桩复合地基现场试验研究

以瓯江北口大桥南锚碇巨型沉井场地地基处理为科研背景,研究厚垫层-砂桩复合地基的适用性及其承载力的影响因素,针对不同的垫层材料、垫层厚度和砂桩间距共进行了9组静载试验。为得到砂桩施工对周围已完成砂桩的影响程度,还进行了砂桩施工相互影响试验。试验结果表明：厚垫层-砂桩加固软土地基效果非常好,是大型沉井地基处理较为理想的方式;垫层含水率、垫层材料和垫层厚度对其承载力的影响程度均大于砂桩间距;砂桩施工过程对周围已完成砂桩的影响和对周围土体的影响具有很大差别,利用传统沉桩挤土理论分析砂桩施工对周围已完成砂桩的影响将产生较大偏差;砂桩施工对周围已完成砂桩会产生较大影响,最大影响范围主要集中在地表以下1/3桩长范围内,影响程度与土层的种类和性质有密切关系,土性越好,影响程度越小;可利用增大砂桩间距和已有砂桩的阻隔效应减小影响程度。