A second review of the international status of engineering geology — encompassing hydrogeology, environmental geology and the applied geosciences

Engineering geology, in 1996, worldwide, was experiencing considerable turmoil due to the uncertain nature of national economies and the general situation of inadequate funds to meet the demands of failing of the national infrastructures that serve citizens. Aside from the previously war-damaged cities of Western Europe, new public service systems of transportation and utilities elsewhere often lagged well behind growth.

It will be some time before international aid and civil engineering contracts are initiated for anything other than humanitarian and basic emergency aid work in these areas.

Many countries in the western hemisphere, eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union and developing nations in particular are still in need of basic water and sewage services as well as repair and replacement of old existing systems. Continued partisan warfare in the Balkan states of Albania, Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia forecast the eventual need for redevelopment. Rumblings of broad-scale economic problems in Far-Eastern economies did little to make overseas contract opportunities in these areas very attractive.

Large consulting firms were challenged by an increasing number of individual and small practices who are prepared to operate on 1970's rates and prices for services and government and industry was taking advantage of that situation. More and more individuals were offering services in engineering geology and associated engineering fields and there was a sense of not having enough work to go around. Hence, price competition was again being promoted. Consequently in both Europe and the Americas, the variability of competence was enlarging and a significant amount of so-called ‘professional ’ work was lacking in overall quality. This was especially evident in ‘Environmental’ areas of work.

This begs the question: ‘Is not engineering geology, or any other aspect of applied geosciences, not environmental in nature and essence, fundamentally and in entirety?’

Environmental restoration demands were still being made by governments, but the pressure to complete such work was being relaxed on account of economics. Our clients were asking for more service at lower fees. Clients were still largely unwilling to openly acknowledge that less money spent on competent engineering geologic consultation means that more risk should be accepted by the owner or operator of projects.     

ArcGIS在北山高放废物处置库预选区地学数据管理中的应用

以甘肃北山高放废物处置预选区所积累的数据为基础,研究地学信息数据管理平台的建立,实现对各种空间数据及其他非空间数据统一管理与应用,并提出了基于ArcGIS产品的预选区数据管理与共享的解决方案。     

Geo-Pragmatics for the Geospatial Semantic Web

Geo‐Pragmatics is introduced here as an enhanced representation for ontologies in which geospatial, geographical and geoscientific concepts are not only defined, but their pragmatic context is also captured and potentially reasoned with. A framework for representing such context is developed using three core aspects: dimensions, agents and roles. Dimensions consist of a concept's origins, uses and effects; these are generated by the interaction of human, machine and natural agents, and involve entities with roles developed from method‐driven perspectives and epistemic‐driven versions. The relationship between these core aspects is explored conceptually and implications for geoscientific ontologies are discussed, including identification of a basic ontological type, the situated concept, whose meaning is defined by its geographical‐historical context. Geo‐pragmatics should help geoscientists evaluate the scientific merit, and fitness for scientific use, of geoscientific ontologies in emerging e‐science initiatives.     

盐湖资源与环境的地球科学系统研究

根据现代科学技术水平的发展,定义了盐湖资源与环境的科学概念,表述了盐湖资源的范畴和内涵,对盐湖的水面位、相环境、成岩作用、变质作用及反馈作用进行了详悉论述;对盐湖系统研究的几个关键性问题及发展方向和应用前景进行了讨论。     

地壳形变测量学之进展与展望

首先简述了当代地学前沿交叉新学科－－地壳形变大地测量学的形成和内涵。地壳形变大地测量学开拓了现今地壳运动与现今地球动力学研究新领域,使中国大陆现今地壳运动研究取得创新性成果,促进地球动力学等地学基础研究,证实地壳动力学的基本状态不是“SOC”而是“SO”,因而地震是可能预报的,有助于击破制约地震预报的“瓶颈”,从根本上推进地震预报。然后对当前的研究工作提出了7项建议,包括：将地壳形变监测系统建设为真正的“四维”快速测地系统,加速推进形变和重力的结合,地表与深部研究的结合,推进地壳运动“暂态信号”和“暂态过程”研究,研制和发布“数字形变信息产品”,深化中国大陆现今地壳运动和现今地球动力学研究,并在此基础上加速推进地震动力学和地震预报研究等。最后提出了对地壳形变大地测量学、现今地壳运动、现今地球动力学和地震预报未来发展的预测。地壳形变大地测量学正有力地推进地球科学创新和地震预报破关,激动人心的研究还仅仅是开始。     

Characterizing and representing inference histories in geologic mapping

Evaluation of the utility of a geologic map can require understanding of its knowledge evolution. In such cases, online usage further requires machine representation of both the knowledge and the evolution. To meet these needs, an informal structure is developed here that involves the interaction of the three reasoning forms of abduction, induction, and deduction. Empirical results are presented that support the structure, and a foundational ontology for science knowledge is adapted to represent the structure. These results lead to a new understanding of the role of the three reasoning forms in geologic mapping and constitute a new approach to the machine representation of geologic knowledge evolution. The approach also has potential to characterize the mapping of many types of geographic regions.     

论数学在测绘中的应用和前景

数学是一门研究客观物质世界的数量关系和空间形式的科学。数学,在众多学科领域包括测绘领域取得了重要而广泛的应用。本文简要阐述了数学的基本特点、发展规律和发展趋势,对数学特别是现代数学在测绘中的应用进行了讨论,对数学在测绘中的应用进行了展望,并提出一些有待研究的问题。     

凤凰─茶陵地学断面重力异常机制分析

对凤凰─茶陵地学断面重力异常，根据爆炸地震测深资料，确定密度分层，用变密度水平梯形体构制剖面密度模型，计算理论重力异常和实测布格重力异常吻合较好。根据剖面密度模型，可以合理地解释布格重力异常。并将地壳划分为沉积盖层、变质岩层、麻粒岩层三层结构，分别计算三层的重力效应曲线及上地幔低密度体重力效应曲线。还计算了莫霍面起伏引起的重力异常曲线，分析了引起地壳重力异常的各种因素及特点。     

Spatial data mining system for ore-forming prediction

The authors designed the spatial data mining system for ore-forming prediction based on the theory and methods of data mining as well as the technique of spatial database,in combination with the characteristics of geological information data.The system consists of data management,data mining and knowledge discovery,knowledge representation.It can syncretize multi-source geosciences data effectively,such as geology,geochemistry,geophysics,RS.The system digitized geological information data as data layer files which consist of the two numerical values,to store these files in the system database.According to the combination of the characters of geological information,metallogenic prognosis was realized,as an example from some area in Heilongjiang Province.The prospect area of hydrothermal copper deposit was determined.     

分形理论在地学中的应用

本文介绍了分形理论及地质变量分形关系,阐述了各种地质现象和过程的分形特征,指出其在地学领域中应用前景。