秋季台风倒槽特大暴雨的对流特征和预报难点分析

如何提高中尺度天气系统预报技巧是天气预报领域的重大科学问题之一。中尺度天气系统的发生和发展受到大气热动力条件、地形及污染条件等多重影响,且由于模式本身及初值的不确定性,中尺度天气系统所产生的对流天气预报仍有较大误差。通过在重点地区开展适应性观测试验降低模式初始场的不确定性是行之有效的方法之一,基于此有望更准确地揭示中尺度天气系统触发和形成机制、提高对流天气模式预报水平。首先,提出一种适应性观测试验的技术路线,即在已有的京津冀地区现代气象探测网基础上,采用集合变换卡尔曼滤波方法识别典型中尺度对流性天气的观测敏感区,结合无球探空移动观测平台,通过观测与预报互动方式,开展目标区的中尺度天气适应性观测试验,研究京津冀地区夏季对流天气触发机制,探索提高灾害性对流天气预报技巧的新方法。然后,针对大城市区域对流天气短临预报预警面临的低层大气垂直观测系统存在的“大网捞小鱼”问题,可通过构建由5个具有垂直观测能力的站点所组成的金字塔形对流层低层大气垂直观测系统,提出随云团大小和位置变化而变化的动态三角形组网观测技术,以获得不同空间尺度的大气动力廓线,进而增进对对流天气触发、发展和演变机理的认识。最后,探讨了适应性观测与大城市气象保障服务之间的内在联系,针对大城市大气垂直观测中尺度站网科学布局和以改进城市短临预报精度为目的的适应性观测等问题,给出具体建议,并展望以观测-预报互动为主要特征的中尺度适应性观测试验技术对大城市气象保障服务的科学价值和应用前景。

     

中国煤炭城市经济竞争力提升研究

本文在界定城市经济竞争力概念的基础上,通过构建煤炭城市经济竞争力评价指标体系,运用主成分分析方法对我国27个典型煤炭城市进行城市经济竞争力的评价研究．最终将这些典型煤炭城市的经济竞争力划为4类。分析发现,大多数典型煤炭城市的经济竞争力综合评价值偏低,同时,煤炭城市之间的经济竞争力差异明显。在分析的基础上,根据当前煤炭城市经济发展的实际状况．提出了提升我国煤炭城市经济竞争力的相关对策。     

The binational reality of border-crossing cities

In a time of changing border functions city pairs on either side of national state borders have increasingly become objects of attention, because of border crossing contacts and co-operation at the local level. This paper focuses on conceptual aspects of such city pairs, owing their existence to either duplication of an already existing city or to partitioning of a once united city. In search of a proper name that expresses the relations between such partner cities without metaphorical exaggeration, the current vocabulary is reviewed. Especially the notion of the ‘binational city’ receives critical attention. A discussion of selected cases of paired cities in Europe and North-America has been included to underline the importance of local conditions and historical backgrounds with regard to the mutual relations and conditions of co-operation. In conclusion the author states that for the time being ‘border–crossing’ cities seems to be the best name for city pairs of different national backgrounds, the emergence of true ‘binational cities’ being a rather exceptional outcome in a far future. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The consequences of Brazil’s lack of transport planning is written in the blood of sparrows

The medium-sized cities of Brazil are those with populations of between 100,000 and 500,000 inhabitants. These cities are growing rapidly, and are characterized by poor urban planning, a loss of biodiversity and decreasing health prospects for residents. Historically, urbanization in Brazil has been associated with incentives to increase the use of private vehicles for local transport. The air pollution resulting from this “car dependency” has been quantified in some major cities in Brazil, such as the megacity of São Paulo. In this paper, we demonstrate through a bioindication study carried out in the Brazilian city of Rondonópolis, that atmospheric pollution resulting from vehicular emissions is also a measurable reality for medium-sized cities. Most Brazilian cities lack air quality measurement equipment, and we used an inexpensive and easy to apply bioindication assay to measure air pollution, and this approach could be easily implemented in those cities and beyond.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geographical Aspects of Health and Disease in India . Rais Akhtar and A.T.A. Learmonth , eds . Antarctic Treaty System: An Assessment . Proceedings of a Workshop at Beardmore South Field Camp, Antarctica. American Electoral Mosaics . J. Clark Archer and Fred M. Shelley . Kompas op Suidwes-Afrika/Namibie . W.S. Barnard , ed . Jerusalem in the 19th Century: The Old City . Yehoshua Ben -Arieh . The World as a Total System . Kenneth E. Boulding . A Social History of Housing 1815–1985, Second Ed . John Burnett . Human Migration . W.A.V. Clark . Regional Population Projection Models . Andrei Rogers . The State of Population Theory: Forward from Malthus . David Coleman and Roger Schofield , eds . Imagining Tomorrow: History, Technology and the American Future . Joseph C. Corn , ed. Swidden Agriculture in Indonesia: The Subsistence Strategies of the Kalimantan Kantú . Michael R. Dove . Glacial Geologic Processes . David Drewry . Physics of Desertification . Farouk El -Baz and M.H.A. Hassan , eds . Housing the Homeless . Jon Erickson and Charles Wilhelm , eds . Settlement Patterns in Missouri: A Study of Population Origins, with a Wall Map . Russel L. Gerlach . Desert Development: Man and Technology in Sparselands . Yehuda Gradus , ed . Nuclear Winter. The Evidence and Risks . Owen Greene , Ian Percival and Irene Ridge . The Take-off of Suburbia and the Crisis of the Central City . Günter Heinritz and Elisabeth Lichtenberger , eds . Regional Input-Output Analysis . Geoffrey J. D. Hewings . Spatial Transportation Modeling . Christian Werner . The Atlas of Georgia . Thomas W. Hodler and Howard A. Schretter , eds . Latin America. 5th ed . Preston E. James and C.W. Minkel . Applied Remote Sensing . C.P. Lo . Localities, Class, and Gender . The Lancaster Regionalism Group . Urban Social Movements: The City after Castells . Stuart Lowe . Politics and Method . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan , eds . Land Use . A. S. Mather . The Kingdom of Coal . Donald L. Miller and Richard E. Sharpless . The Presidio and Militia on the Northern Frontier of New Spain, A Documentary History, Vol. 1: 1570–1700 . Thomas H. Naylor and Charles W. Polzer , S.J., comps . and eds . Nuclear Power: Siting and Safety . Stan Openshaw . The Central African Republic: The Continent's Hidden Heart . Thomas O'Toole . Environmental and Dynamic Geomorphology . Márton Pécsi , ed . Remote Sensing Principles and Interpretation . Floyd F. Sabins , Jr . Acid Rain and Friendly Neighbors: The Policy Dispute between Canada and the United States . Jurgen Schmandt and Hilliard Roderick , eds . Earth's Changing Surface: An Introduction to Geomorphology . M.J. Selby . International Migration: The Female Experience . Rita J. Simon and Caroline B. Brettell , eds . On Geography and Its History . D.R. Stoddart . Transportation Networks: A Quantitative Approach . D. Teodorovic . Processes in Physical Geography . R.D. Thompson , A.M. Mannion , C.W. Mitchell , M. Parry , J.R.G. Townshend . Imaging Radar for Resources Surveys . J.W. Trevett . Dominance and Affection: The Making of Pets . Yi -Fu Tuan . Capturing the Horizon. The Historical Geography of Transportation since the Transportation Revolution of the Sixteenth Century . James E. Vance , Jr . Nations at Risk: The Impact of the Computer Revolution . Edward Yourdon .     

基于生态位理论的城市生态位研究——以河南各省辖市为例

生态位理论作为生态学的基本理论已被广泛引用到社会科学领域的研究之中.在相关学者对城市生态位研究的基础上廓清了城市生态位的深刻内涵,通过选择反映城市生态位的指标因子,根据城市生态位的计量模型,测算并分析了河南各省辖市城市生态位指标因子值.针对各省辖市在发展过程中存在的城市生产生态位、生活生态位区域差异显著以及城市环境生态位存在的问题,在生态位扩充理论的基础上提出了几点扩充河南各省辖市城市生态位的策略和措施.     

我国资源型城市产业转型的环境学思考——以甘肃省金昌市为例

 我国资源型城市的环境问题普遍比一般城市严重.在实现城市和产业转型的过程中，必须将环境问题纳入其转型战略中。本文以甘肃省“镍都”金昌市为例，分析了资源型城市产业转型中的环境制约因素，转型战略中应关注的环境保护和生态恢复等问题，提出了金昌市在产业转型中可以采取的缓解环境危机、生态恢复和循环经济的措施。     

总部经济视角下港口城市转型发展的规律与启示

世界港口城市发展演变规律表明,在不同历史时期,港口城市发展与演变均体现了总部经济实质:港口城市以先天区位优势成为吸引代表先进生产力发展水平的高级要素聚集高地,形成了以集聚性、扩延性、示范性、辐射性和吸引性为特点的先进经济形态,并最终演变成现代总部经济形态。世界先进港口城市的转型与发展给我们以下启示:现代总部经济发展必须以发达的交通集疏网络为前提;以高水平的信息化建设为重点;以高素质的人力资源为依托;以优越的法制环境为保障;以完善的专业化服务体系为支撑。     

城市地理分形研究的回顾与前瞻

简要地回顾了城市地理学的分形研究历程，重点介绍了国内分形城市和城市体系的研究成果，对比了中外有关研究的异同，指出了存在的问题和未来的发展方向，论述了城市地理分形研究的意义和前景。     

河南省城镇体系空间结构的多分形特征及其与水系分布的关系探讨

基于河南省城镇体系空间结构的多分形性质及其与水系的分维关系的实证探讨发现如下地理规律:①在较大标度范围内,河南省城市体系的空间结构为简单分形,但在较小标度范围内,系统已经具有明确的多重分形特征;②多分维谱在参数q≈-4处出现标度间断,从而城市体系的空间结构发生对称破缺。③城市体系空间结构的分维小于水系空间结构的分维。由此证明:第一,多分形是由单分形演化而来,城镇体系的多分形结构是基于地球表面的分形支体由测度集中区向测度疏散区渐近发育的。第二,城市体系的分形发育与水系的分维结构具有一定的数理关系,城市体系的分维理当小于水系维数。