塔北地区构造和演化特征及其对油气成藏的控制

塔北隆起为塔里木盆地最富有油气的构造单元之一,其纵向上可分为中新生界和古生界两大构造层,上下特征有较大的差异性:古生界受到六条基底逆断层及其伴生断裂控制,构造格局可以划分为"四隆两凹"的构造单元:英买力低凸起、轮台低凸起、哈拉哈塘凹陷、轮南低凸起、草湖凹陷以及库尔勒鼻隆,该格局长期继承性发育,并逐层遭受剥蚀形成整个塔北残余古隆起,其上构造圈闭十分发育,同时由于暴露时间长,碳酸盐岩储层非常发育;中新生界整体上表现为南高北低的北倾斜坡形态,受到下伏古生界断层的后期活化影响,发育局部圈闭。塔北当前的构造格局在演化过程中主要形成于海西期,后期变化较小。研究表明,塔北地区构造演化大致经历了三大阶段:晚加里东-早海西期的稳定抬升剥蚀期,塔北在南倾的大斜坡背景上形成了北东-南西走向的轮南大型背斜,英买力低凸起初具雏形;晚海西-印支期的挤压抬升期,塔北隆起在原背景之上继承发展;燕山-喜山期为调整定型期,形成现今塔北地区构造格局。整体古生界构造格局形成早,稳定时间长,是库车油气和满加尔油气的长期指向区,控制了塔北地区油气分布,而多期的构造演化则控制了塔北地区油气藏不同时期的破坏和形成,也造就了目前塔北地区同时存在沥青、稠油、轻质油和天然气。     

库车坳陷的地质结构及其对大油气田的控制作用

库车坳陷是在晚二叠世之前的古生代褶皱基底上历经晚二叠世-三叠纪的前陆盆地、侏罗-古近纪的伸展坳陷盆地和新近纪-第四纪陆内前陆盆地的演化而形成的。基底中的软弱层、侏罗系煤层和古近系库姆格列木组与新近系吉迪克组膏盐(泥)岩构成了自山前向盆地内部逐渐抬升的滑脱面,与自山前向盆地内部逐渐趋缓的地表面构成楔形体。该楔形冲断体的内部结构具有"垂向分层、横向分带与纵向分段"特点,NW向的阿瓦特-喀拉玉尔滚和NE向的库车横向构造转换带将其分割为乌什、拜城与阳霞3个构造区段。构造层发育特点决定了库车坳陷发育三叠-侏罗系的区域展布的有效烃源岩和(侏罗系、)白垩系-第三系储盖组合;分层变形特点导致盐下层形成叠瓦冲断构造组合,冲断层成为油源断层;叠瓦式的冲断层相关褶皱背斜组合导致了复式天然气聚集区带的形成,即在大北-克拉苏式的构造带上每一冲断层相关褶皱背斜带独立成藏,复合连片形成复式油气聚集(区)带,目前拜城北、克深、克拉苏背斜带已呈现这种趋势;撕裂断层则决定着构造带上具体的油气富集区段。库车坳陷油气资源丰富,地质结构特点决定了不同类型油气田分布的分区性。     

广西桂中1井井下油气地球化学特征及其指示意义

长期以来,桂中坳陷以其良好的地质条件为中外地质学家所瞩目,通过对桂中1井纵向上不同层段岩屑样品的油气地球化学特征研究,以典型油气层、生油层、储油层以及盖层化探异常组合、异常形态及其特征为依据,并用烃类比值、甲烷碳同位素、三维荧光等方法进行属性判断,针对桂中1井不同异常区段（不同地层）从化探角度进行评价。并且对桂中凹陷勘探潜力的判断提供地球化学依据。     

Magnetic Susceptibility in Surface Sediments in the Southern South China Sea and Its Implication for Sub-sea Methane Venting

In order to understand the characteristics of magnetic variability and their possible implication for sub-sea methane venting,magnetic susceptibility (MS) of 145 surface sediment samples from the southern South China Sea (SCS) was investigated.Magnetic particles extracted from 20 representative samples were also examined for their mineral,chemical compositions and micromorphology.Results indicate that MS values range between -7.73×10-8 and 45.06x10-8 m3/kg.The high MS zones occur at some hydrecarbon-bearing basins and along main tectonic zones,and low ones are distributed mainly within the river delta or along continental shelves.Iron concretions and manganese concretions are not main contributors for high MS values in sediments,while authigenic iron sulphide minerals are possibly responsible for the MS enhancement.This phenomenon is suspected to be produced by the reducing environment where the high upward venting methane beneath the seafloor reacts with seawater sulfate,resulting in seep precipitation of highly susceptible intermediate mineral pyrrhotite,greigite and paramagnetic pyrite.It suggests that MS variability is possibly one of the geochemical indicators for mapping sub-sea zones of methane venting in the southern SCS.     

流体包裹体在油气地质地球化学中的应用

流体包裹体研究是油气形成和成藏定量化研究的重要手段。本文总结了油气藏中流体包裹体的地质地球化学意义及其在石油、天然气研究中的应用,探讨了烃源岩和储层流体包裹体在确定源岩演化、沉积环境、有机母质类型、成熟度、油气运移充填期次等方面的应用,指出目前流体包裹体油气地球化学研究应关注的几个前沿方向：①在流体包裹体分析实验技术中,单个包裹体分析技术在油气地质定量化研究中具有重要的作用;②通过有机包裹体自然剖面与模拟实验对比研究烃类流体运移分馏,为建立油气成藏过程地球化学示踪指标提供基础参数;③通过储层中不同期次有机包裹体的化学组成、同位素组成、生物标志化合物与圈闭中已经聚集成藏的油气地球化学特征的对比研究,确定圈闭中油气的成因、来源和充填过程;④有机包裹体成烃作用研究为碳酸盐岩生烃和深层油气成因理论提供依据;这些方向的研究成果为深化油气理论、提高勘探水平具有重要意义。     

油气资源预测统计模型及其应用

松辽盆地北部的油气勘探程度虽然较高,但仍然有一些尚未发现的油气资源。本文在对预测油气资源的分形分布模型和截断帕雷托(TSP)分布模型两种统计模型进行系统研究的基础上,结合油气藏地质规律,通过预测该区未发现的油(气)田数量及其储量规模分布,认为方法可行,结果供参考,并待实践进一步验证。得出主要结论是:分形分布模型是一种预测油气田数量和储量(资源量)的可靠方法,在勘探程度较高的盆地或区带应用效果较好,而在勘探新区应用则有一定难度;截断帕雷托分布模型相对于分形分布模型不很完善,但应用该模型进行油气资源分布预测受具体盆地地质条件的影响较小,具有应用价值。     

Seismic Insights into Bottom Simulating Reflection (BSR) in the Krishna-Godavari Basin,Eastern Margin of India

The multichannel seismic data along one long-offset survey line from Krishna-Godavari (K-G) basin in the eastern margin of India were analyzed to define the seismic character of the gas hydrate/free gas bearing sediments. The discontinuous nature of bottom simulating reflection (BSR) was carefully examined. The presence of active faults and possible upward fluid circulation explain the discontinuous nature and low amplitude of the BSR. The study reveals free gas below gas hydrates, which is also indicated by enhancement of seismic amplitudes with offsets from BSR. These findings were characterized by computing seismic attributes such as the reflection strength and instantaneous frequency along the line. Geothermal gradients were computed for 18°C and 20°C temperature at the depth of BSR to understand the geothermal anomaly that can explain the dispersed nature of BSR. The estimated geothermal gradient shows an increase from 32°C/km in the slope region to 41°C/km in the deeper part, where free gas is present. The ray-based travel time inversion of identifiable reflected phases was also carried out along the line. The result of velocity tomography delineates the high-velocity (1.85–2.0 km/s) gas hydrate bearing sediments and low-velocity (1.45–1.5 km/s) free gas bearing sediments across the BSR.     

海洋细菌脂肪酸的气相色谱分析

以副溶血性弧菌VP-X-3为试验对象,利用气相色谱技术分析了其细胞脂肪酸的组成和含量,以色谱峰的数量、色谱峰高及脂肪酸含量作为评价指标,探讨了不同的皂化和甲酯化条件对细菌细胞脂肪酸测定结果的影响。结果表明:皂化和甲酯化条件都对细胞脂肪酸的组成和含量产生一定的影响。较低温度皂化处理利于增加色谱峰数量和色谱峰高。甲酯化温度过高容易破坏脂肪酸,尤其是长链脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的结构。高温甲酯化条件下,时间越长,甲酯化效果越差。试验得到较为理想的气相色谱前处理条件:2 mol/L NaOH-甲醇溶液2 mL,70℃水浴10 min;10%(V/V)H2SO4-甲醇溶液2 mL,70℃水浴15 min。此条件下的色谱峰的数量多达29种,色谱峰高明显高于其他处理条件下的峰高。     

Distribution and Acoustic Characteristics of Shallow Gas in the Korea Strait Shelf Mud off SE Korea

Shallow gas in the Korea Strait shelf mud (KSSM) off SE Korea, revealed by high-resolution subbottom profiles, is associated with acoustic blanking, acoustic turbidity, seepages with plumes in the water column, and seafloor depressions. The acoustic blanking, characterized by strong, consistent top reflection and wipeout below, is most dominant. The seaward edge of the acoustic blanking zone generally coincides with the 100-m water-depth contour, suggesting that the water depth (the pressure) may control the distribution of shallow gas. The acoustic turbidity, characterized by diffuse top reflection, is a dark smear, partially blanking the data below. The seepages with plumes, characterized by vertical smearing and disturbed seafloor, are seen only along the shallowest, landward edge of the acoustic blanking zone. This may suggest that the decreased gas solubility at shallow water depths, caused by the lowered pressure, increases the volume of free gas in the sediments, facilitating the gas escape. The seafloor depressions, interpreted as pockmarks, are accompanied by cone-shaped acoustic masking, which is probably the reflection from a narrow vent of gas. The gas-related acoustic anomalies appear to occur mostly in the upper, recent mud of the KSSM. Neither permeable beds nor faults, which can act as vertical migration pathways for deep thermogenic gas, are evident in the recent mud. We interpret that the bacterial degradation of organic matter in situ is the main source for the gas in the KSSM. The upwelling off SE Korea may be an important source for the increased organic matter in the area.     

陆地天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样方法

如何获得品质优良的原状样品成为探明陆地天然气水合物赋存条件与储量的关键技术之一。在分析天然气水合物热物理性质和温压特性的基础上,采用主动式降温的方法,通过外部冷源在孔底降低水合物岩心温度,降低水合物的临界分解压力,抑制水合物分解,获得水合物保真样品：据此提出了天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样方法。设计的取样器总体结构由单动机构、控制机构和制冷机构组成,其工作原理主要为孔底冷冻岩心和地表取心,同时分析计算了取样器冷冻岩心所需的能量。通过钻探取样试验钻获冷冻岩心,证明天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样方法能够实现孔底冷冻岩样。该方法可以应用于天然气水合物保真取样。