港池中波浪折射、绕射的数值模拟方法

从流体运动方程和动量方程出发,引入海底摩擦力和港池不完全反射作用,推导出了Berkhoff折射、绕射方程。在深海部分解析方法用精确解(含待定系数)、在复杂地形用数值离散方法求解,中间过度段用的光滑匹配将离散数值(有限元)和解析解(精确解)一同求解。通过极值问题建立泛函,利用泛函的驻定性将海岸(港湾)问题进行数值离散,建立了可行的数值模拟模型。     

Seismic zoning for initial‐ and total‐cost minimization

We consider two design criteria to study seismic zoning. In the first, codes require that structures be designed for some specified values. Zoning is then optimal when it minimizes the expected present value of the initial costs of all structures to be built in the region being zoned. In the second criterion, it is designed so that the present value of the total cost is minimized, including initial and maintenance costs as well as losses due to damage and failure. We will call these criteria zoning for the initial‐ and total‐cost minimization, respectively. It is shown that under certain conditions, the boundaries coincide with isoparametric curves and the problem may be solved in one dimension. We also deal with problems not reducible to a single dimension. Different methods are proposed to solve the various kinds of problems. The work ends with some illustrative examples. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Terrestrial transect study on driving mechanism of vegetation changes

In terms of Chinese climate-vegetation model based on the classification of plant functional types, to- gether with climatic data from 1951 to 1980 and two future climatic scenarios (SRES-A2 and SRES-B2) in China from the highest and the lowest emission scenarios of greenhouse gases, the distribution patterns of vegetation types and their changes along the Northeast China Transect (NECT) and the North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) were simulated in order to understand the driving mechanisms of vegetation changes under climatic change. The results indicated that the vegetation distribution patterns would change significantly under future climate, and the major factors driving the vegetation changes were water and heat. However, the responses of various vegetation types to the changes in water and heat factors were obviously different. The vegetation changes were more sensi- tive to heat factors than to water factors. Thus, in the future climate warming will significantly affect vegetation distribution patterns.     

基于强度分区的膨胀土路堤稳定性及土工格栅处治效果分析

由于填筑密实度、含水率的差异,整个膨胀土路堤内存在以含水率和干密度为特征的强度分区,且路堤表层土体由于直接受大气、降雨作用,温度、湿度变化频繁,胀缩变形剧烈,裂隙发育,强度将剧烈衰减。但该实际存在的强度分区一般在稳定性计算中多被简化为均质体而不能反映实际情况。强度分区法则考虑大气和气候影响以及路堤内压实度差异,并综合考虑土工格栅的作用。基于强度分区的膨胀土路基边坡稳定性的分析结果表明,强度分区法更能反映路堤土体强度差异的实际情况,能真实地体现改性处治和铺设土工格栅对路堤稳定的贡献,具有显著的优点。对于素填土膨胀土路堤,边坡表层容易发生局部浅层滑动,进而诱发和牵引发生深部滑动破坏;石灰改性后虽能提高路堤稳定性,但表层局部稳定性安全储备并不宽裕,尚未彻底根除安全隐患。土工格栅虽对整体稳定性贡献不大,但可显著提高局部稳定性,并有效地消除膨胀土路堤边坡浅表滑塌的隐患。     

滨海核电厂环境功能区调整问题分析

滨海核电站的建设导致电站附近海域现有使用功能与原有的环境功能出现矛盾,因此有必要进行环境功能区的调整。但由于核电发展在我国尚属起步阶段,相关方面的标准、规范尚不完善,因此在针对核电用海进行近岸海域环境功能区的调整过程中呈现出一些问题,例如,混合区的确定问题、余氯和放射性废液的排放问题以及数值模拟的科学性等。通过对这些问题进行分析,提出建议,为进一步完善国家相应的标准、规范提供依据,以便更好的保护海洋环境。     

基于数据挖掘和网络药理学探讨功能性消化不良伴抑郁情绪的用药规律和作用机制

目的：基于数据挖掘与网络药理学探究中医药治疗功能性消化不良（FD）伴抑郁情绪的用药规律,预测核心药物的潜在作用机制,以期为临床治疗提供参考。方法：检索中国知网（CNKI）、万方数据（WANFANG DATA）、维普中文科技期刊数据库（VIP）中关于中医药治疗FD伴抑郁情绪的文献,对处方中药物进行使用频次、性味归经、关联规则及聚类分析。利用TCMSP和Uniprot数据库对核心药物成分靶点进行预测和规范,与疾病靶点取交集靶点后构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（PPI）网络,基于DAVID数据库进行基因本体（GO）功能和京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）通路富集分析。结果：共纳入处方74首,中药90味。其中柴胡的使用频次最高;高频药物药味以辛、苦为主,药性以温、平为主,多归脾、肺、胃经;关联规则提示“柴胡-白芍”关联性最强;聚类分析将中药分为3类。网络药理学分析得到治疗FD伴抑郁情绪的核心药对“柴胡-白芍”,核心成分包括槲皮素、β-谷甾醇、异鼠李素、豆甾醇等,核心靶点为蛋白激酶Bα（AKT1）、肿瘤抗原p53（TP53）、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶1（MAPK1）等,信号通路主要涉及糖尿病并发症中的晚期糖基化终产物及其受体（AGE/RAGE）信号通路、脂酰肌醇3激酶-蛋白激酶B（PI3K/Akt）信号通路等。结论：中医药治疗FD伴抑郁情绪多选用辛温及归脾、胃、肺经之品,核心药对“柴胡-白芍”通过多靶点作用于多通路防治FD伴抑郁情绪,为进一步发掘其潜在作用机制提供方向。     

三峡水库香溪河库湾浮游植物功能群对水位变化的响应

三峡水库每年经历“水位下降(4—5月)-低水位(6—8月)-蓄水(9—10月)-高水位(11月—次年3月)”的季节波动,年水位落差达30 m。为探究香溪河库湾浮游植物功能群对三峡水库水位变化的响应,于2017年对浮游植物群落和主要环境因子开展逐月调查。共检出浮游植物7门65属79种,隶属于21个功能群,其中优势功能群10个,分别为C、D、F、G、J、Lo、M、P、X2、Y。适应营养丰富环境的C、P功能群在全年维持优势,指示香溪河库湾为中-富营养水体。消落期偏好水体扰动较弱、中-富营养水体的功能群(F、G、X2、Y)成为优势类群;汛期偏好稳定富营养、耐受高光强且对冲刷敏感的功能群(G J、M)成为优势类群;蓄水期和高水位运行期偏好混合的中-富营养水体,耐受低光强且对水体分层敏感的功能群(C、P、D)是优势类群;浮游植物功能类群组成结构随水位变化明显改变。综合营养状态指数表明香溪河库湾在消落期和高水位运行期处于中营养状态,另外两个时期处于富营养状态(39.84≤TSI_M≤60.9);Q指数表明香溪河库湾整体水质为“好”(3.02≤Q指数≤4.17);且两者均随着水位下...     

Better models are more effectively connected models

Water‐ and sediment‐transfer models are commonly used to explain or predict patterns in the landscape at scales different from those at which observations are available. These patterns are often the result of emergent properties that occur because processes of water and sediment transfer are connected in different ways. Recent advances in geomorphology suggest that it is important to consider, at a specific spatio‐temporal scale, the structural connectivity of system properties that control processes, and the functional connectivity resulting from the way those processes operate and evolve through time. We argue that a more careful consideration of how structural and functional connectivity are represented in models should lead to more robust models that are appropriate for the scale of application and provide results that can be upscaled. This approach is necessary because, notwithstanding the significant advances in computer power in recent years, many geomorphic models are still unable to represent the landscape in sufficient detail to allow all connectivity to emerge. It is important to go beyond the simple representation of structural connectivity elements and allow the dynamics of processes to be represented, for example by using a connectivity function. This commentary aims to show how a better representation of connectivity in models can be achieved, by considering the sorts of landscape features present, and whether these features can be represented explicitly in the model spatial structure, or must be represented implicitly at the subgrid scale. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市缓流水体生物膜群落与环境因子响应关系

以南京市秦淮河、石头城护城河、乌龙潭、玄武湖4个水体为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法对城市缓流水体生物膜群落特征进行分组研究.通过SPSS、CANOCO软件分析水体生物膜群落与环境因子的响应关系,结果表明:(1)温度及水体营养盐含量的降低会导致水体微生物新陈代谢缓慢,微生物大量死亡.静态水体生物膜中微生物量的变化范围是9.16×106~2.74×108cells/g,流动水体生物膜中为1.69×107~7.77×107cells/g,静态水体中生物量的下降趋势比流动水体中显著,可能是由于水体的流动加强了营养盐在固液相之间的质量传递,削弱了水体温度及营养盐含量变化对流动水体生物膜中微生物生长的影响程度.(2)功能菌群G-、G+、真菌是微生物菌群的主要成分,3者比重为:G-真菌G+.随温度的降低(T≥8.4℃),静态水体中主要功能菌群总含量变化波动较大,其波动范围为27.41%~66.20%,流动水体中主要功能菌群总含量的变化范围较小,为43.09%~68.25%,差异的主要贡献者是G-和真菌.(3)静态水体中环境因子温度、硝态氮、COD是功能菌群的主要影响因子,氮元素是流动水体中功能菌群的显著影响因子.     

基于潜在破裂面源模型的南北地震带南段地震区划研究

南北地震带南段大震活动频繁。已有的研究结果表明,大震近场范围场点的地震危险性与地震破裂面产状及其尺度密切相关。因此,在南北地震带南段需要考虑潜在震源三维特征进行地震危险性分析和地震区划研究。本文在充分搜集大震发震构造资料的基础上,在南北地震带南段构建了考虑震源尺度和产状的潜在震源模型,改进了地震危险性概率分析方法,进而对该地区进行地震区划研究。结果表明,考虑潜在震源三维特征的地震危险性分析结果可以有效地反映南北地震带南段发震构造的产状和尺寸特征,提高地震区划结果的合理性。