基于居民点密度的人口密度空间化

提出了一种基于居民点密度的人口密度空间化方法。以江苏省人口数据空间化为例,在采用核密度估计法得到江苏省镇(乡、街道)居民点密度后,运用基于居民点密度的人口密度空间化计算公式获得江苏省1 000m×1 000m的人口密度格网图,结果表明:江苏省人口分布的热点地区正是在建的三大都市圈(苏锡常都市圈、南京都市圈和徐州都市圈),其中苏锡常都市圈的人口分布呈现各向异性,而南京和徐州都市圈的人口分布则表现为各向同性;人口密度不仅取决于居民点密度,还与平均每个居民点的人口数密切相关,居民点密度大的区域的人口密度不一定大,居民点密度小的区域的人口密度也不一定小。     

Spatial distributions and interannual variations of snow cover over China in the last 40 years

By using the observational snow data of more than 700 weather stations,the interannual temporal and spatial characteristics of seasonal snow cover in China were analyzed.The results show that northern Xinjiang,northeastern China-Inner Mongolia,and the southwestern and southern portions of Tibetan Plateau are three regions in China with high seasonal snow cover and also an interannual anomaly of snow cover.According to the trend of both the snow depth and snow cover days,there are three changing patterns for the seasonal snow cover:The first type is that both snow depth and snow cover days simultaneously increase or decrease;this includes northern Xinjiang,middle and eastern Inner Mongolia,and so on.The second is that snow depth increases but snow cover days decrease;this type mainly locates in the eastern parts of the northeastern plain of China and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.The last type is that snow depth decreases but snow cover days increase at the same time such as that in middle parts of Tibetan Plateau.Snow cover in China appears to have been having a slow increasing trend during the last 40 years.On the decadal scale,snow depth and snow cover days slightly increased in the 1960s and then decreased in the 1970s;they again turn to increasing in the 1980s and persist into 1990s.     

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen content of density fractions and effect of meadow degradation to soil carbon and nitrogen of fractions in alpine Kobresia meadow

This research was conducted on the non-disturbed native alpine Kobresia meadow(YF) and the severely degraded meadow(SDL) of Dari County of Qinghai Province.By a density fractionation approach,each soil sample was divided into two fractions:light fraction(LF) and heavy fraction(HF).The obtained fractions were analyzed for organic carbon(OC) and nitrogen(N) concentrations.The results showed:(1) the OC concentration in HF and LF was 3.84% and 28.63% respectively while the nitrogen concentration in HF and LF wa...     

用气象卫星遥感技术监测克拉玛依洪水

利用气象卫星遥感图来监测大降水以及山区水流的分布、洪水形成的大小及流向 ,是利用气象现代化技术监测灾害性天气的一个有效方法。     

Seasonal Variability of Northern Hemisphere Snow Extent Using Visible Satellite Data

In this paper we use a satellite‐derived data set to explore spatial and temporal variations of snow extent across Northern Hemisphere continents during the last three decades. These weekly visible‐wavelength satellite maps of Northern Hemisphere snow extent produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration constitute the longest consistently‐derived satellite record of any environmental variable. We document the considerable intra‐annual variability of snow extent, and show that during each month, fluctuations over relatively small areas are responsible for the majority of the year‐to‐year variability. Regions that cover less than 6% of Northern Hemisphere lands north of 20°N explain 62% Ã Â Ã Â 92% of the interannual variance across the continents. On average, snow was more extensive across both Eurasia and North America from the 1970s to middle 1980s than during the late 1980s to late 1990s. During late winter, spring and summer, snow extent has decreased since the middle 1980s, while during fall to middle winter, snow extent has remained relatively constant. Accurate information on continental snow extent is critical for weather and hydrologic forecasting; for understanding hemispheric‐scale atmospheric circulation, thermal variations, and regional snow extent; and for using snow as a credible indicator of climate variability and change.     

基于多智能体模型与建筑物信息的高空间分辨率人口分布模拟

自上而下的人口分布模拟模型自动化程度较低,难以分析人口分布成因,且因精细尺度的人口样本较难获取而不太适用于高空间分辨率人口分布模拟。提出了一种基于多智能体模型和建筑物信息的高空间分辨率人口分布模拟模型。首先利用建筑物三维分布数据提取住宅建筑,构建智能体人口分布模拟模型的环境;然后基于统计、调研数据定义智能体属性,确定智能体居住选择行为规则;最后以泰日社区为例进行了居住人口分布仿真模拟。研究结果表明,基于建筑物信息的人口分布多智能体模型,可以获取每栋建筑物上的人口,改进了当前高分辨率人口模拟主要只模拟小区或者居委会人口的不足;多智能体模型具有较高的自动化程度,不仅能获得较好的模拟结果,而且可在一定程度上从微观机理解释宏观居住分布模式,是对传统统计模型的有益补充。     

城市化进程对重庆都市圈降水空间分布的影响

基于1969-2017年全国站点逐日降水资料、地形高度资料以及2017年全国常住人口数据,采用概率密度函数PDF法、最小二乘法、Mann-Kendall法和累积距平法等多种统计分析方法,结合中国地形多样性,从降水量的PDF特征、变化趋势和极端降水特征三个方面,分析了近49 a中国30°N带不同地形下大城市与其郊区的降水特征,结果表明：（1）中国30°N带降水的区域性和极端性明显,其中长江入海口代表站的年降水量PDF曲线最接近正态分布;极端降水阈值和极端降水强度基本为自西向东增加,且与地形高度呈反比关系;对于暴雨及以上等级的降水,代表站降水概率小但降水占比大。（2）降水的城市化效应明显,表现为代表站的日、月、季、年降水量PDF曲线普遍存在城郊差异,且日和年尺度的差异较月和季的尺度差异更明显;大城市代表站相对于其郊区代表站,前者年降水量普遍增加得快,且最小值大于后者;前者极端降水阈值、极端降水强度和年最大日降水量最大值普遍大于后者,且发生中雨及以上等级强降水的概率和占比较后者大。（3）代表站降水存在明显的年际变化和季节变化,存在一定的周变化;年降水量的突变时间集中发生在1980s中、后期以及1990s至2000s初;降水量的季节变化特征为夏季最多、冬季最少,其中江汉平原、长江中下游、长江入海口地形下夏季降水的城市化效应明显;大部分地形下工作日降水的城市化效应较休息日明显。

     

1984 年以来北京零售业空间发展趋势与特征

在采用虚拟变量对密度函数进行调整的基础上, 借助扩展方法引入时间变量构建计量经济模型测度北京零售业空间发展的分异与趋势, 并利用GIS技术研究了新型零售业的空间布局特征。结果表明:① 1984-2010 年, 近郊区零售业保持着强劲的增长势头, 增速是远郊区的近两倍, 而远郊区快于中心区, 说明中心区零售业地位的相对下降, 类似于20 世纪中期美国大都市区的发展特征。② 2000 年以来, 远郊区零售业增速下降, 近郊区小幅提升, 而中心区发展速度明显回升, 说明部分学者提出的20 世纪90 年代末期旧城区零售业“空洞化”、“边缘化”的发展趋势并未延续。③ 紧随人口的郊区化, 90 年代中期兴起的连锁超市以三环路为基础外向发展, 三、四环路和五、六环路之间数量较多, 而传统百货商店则主要布局在三环路以内。④ 以超市为代表的新型零售业空间布局呈现大分散、小集聚的特征, 没有表现出明显的等级性, 集聚区域既包括近郊人口密集区, 也包括远郊新城和城郊大型居住区。零售业的空间发展趋势与超市的空间特征共同显示, 北京应进一步提升远郊零售业的连锁化水平, 提高服务水平和质量, 促进居住与消费的空间平衡。     

青藏高原积雪分布与变化特征

本文对青藏高原ＳＭＭＲ修积雪深度、ＮＯＡＡ周积雪面积、地面台站积雪深度进行了分析。结果表明青藏高原东西两侧多雪与腹地少雪形成鲜明对比,高原东部是高原积雪年际变化最显著的地区,它主导了整个高原积雪的年际变化,并且与西部多雪区年际波动呈反位相关系。从６０年代到８０年代积雪年际波动幅度有明显增加趋势,积雪变化具有３年左右准周期。随着全球变暖,青藏高原积雪将会有所增加。     

南极中山站附近麦氏贼鸥食性研究

对东南极中山站附近麦氏贼鸥巢区和无巢贼鸥群栖地的贼鸥回吐渣团及其他食物残物进行收集、分析和鉴定 ,结果表明 ,本区麦氏贼鸥主要捕食雪　 ,其残物在食物项中的平均出现率为 6 7～ 80 %;同时贼鸥从本区几个考察站觅取人类遗弃的垃圾食物作为其重要的食物补充 ,垃圾食物的平均出现率为 6 .8～ 1 1 .6 %。不同巢区贼鸥对雪　的捕杀量和垃圾的需求差异较大 ,其主要与营巢地域的雪　分布密度以及摄食区的占有与否有关。