冻融条件TG固化剂石灰土基层性能研究

为了进一步研究TG固化剂石灰土在冻融条件下的各项性能, 分别对TG固化剂石灰土进行冻融作用前后的无侧限抗压强度试验和劈裂试验以及干缩试验. 结果表明: 随着冻融循环次数的增加, 无侧限抗压强度以及劈裂强度逐渐减小, 经历8次冻融循环以后强度衰减达到最大值. 经过冻融循环作用后试件的无侧限抗压强度以及劈裂强度残留值随着含水率和压实度的增加而增加, 通过冻融试验得到的抗冻性能指标BDR值在51%以上, 与未饱水冻融循环得到的最终残留强度值保持一致. 经冻融循环作用后TG固化剂石灰土的干缩应变和干缩系数减小, 干缩性能有所提高. 冻融循环条件下TG固化剂石灰土抗冻性能良好, 可以应用于路面基层.     

干湿和冻融循环作用下黄土强度劣化特性试验研究

通过室内试验模拟土体季节性的干湿和冻融交替变化,采用直剪试验测试了原状黄土经干湿和冻融循环作用后的抗剪强度及抗剪强度参数的变化,并进行了直剪后试样的易溶盐总量测定.结果表明：干湿和冻融循环作用对原状黄土物理力学性质影响极大,是造成黄土边坡破坏的主要因素.随着干湿循环次数的增加,试样的抗剪强度逐渐减小,黏聚力逐渐减小,内摩擦角先增加,后逐渐趋于稳定,盐分迁移现象明显,土样下部易溶盐含量逐渐减少,上部易溶盐含量逐渐增加,并且试样的质量损失逐渐增加;随着冻融循环次数的增加,试样的抗剪强度逐渐减小,黏聚力逐渐增大最后趋于稳定,而内摩擦角和盐分迁移现象不明显.     

Wind tunnel simulation of the effects of freeze–thaw cycles on soil erosion in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Intense freezing and thawing actions occur in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau because of its high elevation and cold temperature. The plateau's unique environment makes it easy to generate wind erosion under dry, windy weather conditions, resulting in the emergence of desertification. As a major form of freeze–thaw erosion, freeze–thaw and wind erosion is displayed prominently on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Therefore, in this study, soil samples were collected from the surface of the plateau to undergo freeze–thaw and wind erosion simulation experiments. Results show that wind erosion strength increases with an increasing number of freeze–thaw cycles, water content in the freezing–thawing process, and the difference in freeze–thaw temperatures. Therefore, in the conditions of water participation, the main reason for the freeze–thaw and wind erosion in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is the damage to the soil structure by repeated, fierce freeze–thaw actions, and the sand-bearing wind is the main driving force for this process. The research results have theoretical significance for exploring the formation mechanism of freeze–thaw and wind erosion in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, and provide a scientific basis for freeze–thaw desertification control in the plateau.     

Effects of freeze–thaw cycles on soil N_2O concentration and flux in the permafrost regions of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Nitrous oxide(N_2 O) is one of the most important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere; freeze–thaw cycles(FTCs) might strongly influence the emission of soil N_2 O on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau(QTP). However, there is a lack of in situ research on the characteristics of soil N_2 O concentration and flux in response to variations in soil properties caused by FTCs.Here, we report the effect of FTC-induced changes in soil properties on the soil N_2 O concentration and flux in the permafrost region of the higher reaches of the Shule River Basin on the northeastern margin of the QTP. We measured chemical properties of the topsoil, activities of soil microorganisms, and air temperature(AT), as well as soil N_2 O concentration and flux, over an annual cycle from July 31, 2011, to July 30, 2012. The results showed that soil N_2 O concentration was significantly affected by soil temperature(ST), soil moisture(SM), soil salinity(SS), soil polyphenol oxidase(SPO), soil alkaline phosphatase(SAP), and soil culturable actinomycetes(SCA), ranked as SMSSSTSPOSAPSCA, whereas ST significantly increased soil N_2 O flux, compared with SS. Overall, our study indicated that the soil N_2 O concentration and flux in permafrost zone FTCs were strongly affected by soil properties, especially soil moisture, soil salinity, and soil temperature.     

青藏高原冻融荒漠化的若干问题——以藏西-藏北荒漠化区为例

冻融荒漠化是高海拔地区特有的土地退化过程,依据生态基准面理论将青藏高原冻融荒漠化划分为极重度、重度、中度和轻度4个等级.藏西-藏北区冻融荒漠化面积达44303.73km²,多呈斑块状零星分布和片状分散分布.高原冻土区具有冻融荒漠化形成的环境基质,近40a区域气候持续变暖,人为活动频率与强度加剧,鼠类活动猖獗,使浅层多年冻土的冻融过程加剧,从而形成冻融荒漠化土地.其形成过程主要有多年冻土季节融化层增厚-地下水位下降-地表土壤干燥化、地表覆盖改变或地下融水增加-冻土融冻界面热融-地表沉陷破碎、冻融作用过程和斜坡过程受到强化等.预测未来20~30a冻融荒漠化继续发展,程度加重.防治冻融荒漠化的对策主要是减轻草场压力、恢复草地植被,加强鼠害防治和合理布局开发工程、采用工程与生物措施等.     

青藏高原土壤冻融过程关键参量时空分布特征分析

土壤冻融过程是青藏高原陆面过程中最突出的特征之一,量化表征土壤冻融过程的关键参量变化特征对认识青藏高原气候变化、生态和水文过程有重要的科学意义.本文利用青藏高原地区ECMWF/ERA5(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts/ERA5)的浅层土壤温度、体积含...     

青藏高原地表冻融循环与植被返青期的变化趋势及其气候响应特征

青藏高原特殊的地理环境使其对全球气候变化十分敏感,所以研究其地表冻融循环和植被返青期的时空动态对于回顾和预测青藏高原对全球气候变化的响应具有重要意义。本文通过利用双指标地表冻融状态识别算法和被动微波亮温数据(SMMR、SSMI和SSMIS)来获取青藏高原长时间序列(1982年—2013年)逐日地表冻融状态,通过对GIMMS全球植被指数数据产品进行NDVI的滤波重建和返青期提取来获取青藏高原植被长时间序列(年份)的返青期;并且分析了地表冻融循环和植被返青期的变化趋势、相互关系及对青藏高原气候变化的响应特征。总体来看,在空间上,青藏高原的地表冻结集中发生在10月30日至次年4月2日,平均地表融化首日集中在5月12—27日,平均植被返青期集中在5月19—29日。植被返青期平均发生在地表融化首日后的3.94±5.58日,两者具有显著的相关关系(R=0.51,P=0.003)。青藏高原的地表融化首日和植被返青期在1982年—2013年间经历了推迟、提前再推迟的3个过程,融化时间和返青期在1982年—1987年分别以1.93±1.81 d/a和0.28±1.01 d/a的速度推迟;在1987年—2006年分别以0.67±0.20 d/a和0.13±0.16 d/a的速度提前;在2006年—2013年分别以0.97±0.84 d/a和1.04±0.52 d/a的速度推迟。中国气象局布设在青藏高原的CMA气象站的温度数据表明,高原的春季地表0 cm土壤温度呈持续上升的趋势,而植被返青期和地表融化首日并未持续提前,这可能是由几十年来高原不同地区降水等其他环境因素变化的差异造成。同时在气温持续升高期间,植被返青期的返青温度阈值也不断具有上升的趋势(R=0.72,P0.001),这可能与植被适应气候变化的自身调节能力有关。     

冻结滞水效应及其促滑机理 ——以甘肃黑方台地区为例

冻融期地质灾害的不断发生,愈来愈引起社会关注并被更多的学者所重视,甘肃黑方台地区冬春交接时期滑坡频发,是研究季节性冻融作用的首选之地.为了探索是否存在冻结滞水效应,揭示冻融作用诱发滑坡灾害机理,建立了气温、地温和地下水位动态等协同观测网.监测数据显示:黑方台地区存在季节性冻融现象,可划分为冻结期(秋冬)、完全冻结期(冬)、冻融期(春夏)、融化期(夏秋)的年季循环过程,也存在昼夜气温变化引起的循环冻融过程;斜坡中段冻结引起的地下水位上升了1.0m,证实了冻结滞水效应的存在.地下水模拟结果表明,冻结滞水引起斜坡坡脚水位壅高幅度超过3m,水平影响距离达到30m以上.冻结前坡体稳定系数为1.19;冻结后仅考虑冻结滞水效应引起的地下水位上升,稳定系数减小到1.09;反复冻融后,考虑黄土强度降低因素,坡体稳定系数降至0.97,说明冻结滞水效应和循环冻融的双重作用是滑坡在春季频发的根本原因.     

Review of the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the physical and mechanical properties of soil

Seasonally frozen soil is a four-phase material and its physical-mechanical properties are more complex compared to the unfrozen soil. Its physical properties changes during the freeze-thaw process; repeated freeze-thaw cycles change the characteristics of soil, which can render the soil from an unstable state to a new dynamic equilibrium state. The freezing process changes the structure coupled between the soil particle arrangements, which will change the mechanical properties of the soil. The method of significance and interaction between different factors should be considered to measure the influence on the properties of soil under freeze-thaw cycles.     

冻融循环下膨胀土物理力学特性研究

处在季节性冻土区的膨胀土渠道极易受到冻融循环作用的影响,影响工程的稳定安全。为了探究冻融循环作用对膨胀土物理力学特性的影响,以南阳膨胀土为研究对象,开展了不同含水率条件下膨胀土试样的冻融循环试验,对经历不同冻融循环次数作用后的试样进行了变形测量、无侧限压缩试验和微细结构试验。结果表明,在冻融循环过程中含水率低的膨胀土体积变化规律表现为“冻缩融胀”,含水率高的膨胀土体积变化规律表现为“冻胀融缩”;冻融循环作用对膨胀土的应力应变曲线、强度和弹性模量有着显著的影响,尤其是第1次冻融循环作用;试样的含水率越高,膨胀土的力学参数受冻融循环作用的影响越大;试样的面孔隙度和孔隙定向度的变化规律与力学参数的大致呈负相关,说明冻融循环作用下土体内部微细结构的变化直接影响着膨胀土的力学性质。