红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)选育家系构建与早期标准化培育

采用巢式设计方法和人工受精技术, 对红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)选育家系的构建与标准化培育技术进行研究。按照1雄配2雌的原则, 选取养殖、野生和日本3个群体的红鳍东方鲀进行定向交配, 并对红鳍东方鲀早期阶段苗种进行了环境标准化和一、二、三、四级数量标准化培育。结果表明, 红鳍东方鲀亲鱼产卵量大, 对构建父系半同胞家系十分有利; 从4次数量标准化看, 每次各家系内鱼苗数量都较为集中, 各阶段各家系的成活率也较高, 但存在部分家系间数量差异显著; 经过4次数量标准化, 成功构建22个父系半同胞家系, 48个母系全同胞家系。对早期阶段家系构建和培育存在的问题, 进行了探讨并提出拟解决方法, 为大规模建立红鳍东方鲀家系提供参照。     

蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)养成期壳长遗传力与育种值估计

采用巢式设计构建了菲律宾蛤仔的8个父系半同胞家系和24个全同胞家系。在90、300、330和450日龄,每个家系随机取30个个体测量壳长,并对数据进行遗传分析。将全同胞效应、母本效应和移入土池时壳长协变量组合成8个不同模型,应用REML法估计遗传力,BLUP法估计育种值。结果表明,移入土池时各家系平均壳长协变量是重要影响因子,全同胞效应和母本效应影响较小。在90、300和330日龄的最优模型为考虑加性遗传效应和移入土池时各家系平均壳长协变量的模型AB,450日龄的最优模型为仅考虑加性遗传效应的模型A。应用最优模型估计的90、300、330和450日龄壳长遗传力分别为0.571、0.966、0.622和0.865。应用最优模型估计育种值,对表型值选择法和育种值选择法比较的结果表明,对家系进行选择时,在300日龄用育种值选择法比表型值选择法平均壳长高3.56%,在90和330日龄时比表型值选择法分别低1.53%和3.71%。对个体进行选择时,按照10%和1%留种,在90、300和330日龄表型选择法比育种值选择法高16.86%、2.54%,16.27%和24.51%、2.03%,23.23%。除在300日龄对家系进行选择时育种值选择法优于表型值选择法外,表型值选择法均优于育种值选择法。     

South Africa's coastal-breeding white-breasted cormorants: population trends,breeding season and movements,and diet

White-breasted cormorants Phalacrocorax [carbo] lucidus breed around South Africa's coast and at inland localities. Along the coasts of the Northern, Western and Eastern Cape provinces, numbers breeding were similar during the periods 1977–1981 (1 116 pairs at 41 localities) and 2008–2012 (1 280 pairs at 41 localities). Along the coast of KwaZulu-Natal (not counted in 1977–1981), 197 pairs bred at nine localities in 2008–2012, when the overall number breeding around South Africa's coastline was about 1 477 pairs. Between the two study periods, numbers decreased in the Northern and Western Cape provinces following the loss of several breeding localities, but they increased in the Eastern Cape. In the Western Cape, however, numbers were stable east of Cape Agulhas and at nine well-monitored West Coast localities that were surveyed from 1978 to 2012. White-breasted cormorants breed throughout the year, with breeding at some localities more seasonal than at others and the timing of peaks in breeding varying at and between localities. In the vicinity of Saldanha Bay/Langebaan Lagoon (Western Cape), in Algoa Bay (Eastern Cape) and in northern KwaZulu-Natal, it is likely that birds moved between breeding localities in different years, although breeding often occurred at the same locality over several years. Human disturbance, presence of predators, competition for breeding space and occurrence of breeding by other waterbirds may influence movements between colonies. Securing sufficient good habitat at which white-breasted cormorants may breed will be important for conservation of the species. The species may breed at an age of 4 years, possibly younger. The bulk of their diet around South Africa's coast consists of inshore marine and estuarine fish species that are not intensively exploited by humans.     

Trends in numbers of crowned cormorants in South Africa,with information on diet

During 2008–2012, the number of crowned cormorants Phalacrocorax coronatus breeding in South Africa was c. 1 900 pairs, compared to 1 700 pairs for 1977–1981. Numbers at 10 islands in the Western Cape province fluctuated around a level of 1 100 pairs from 1991/1992 to 2011/2012, 300 more than from 1978/1979 to 1990/1991. These increases are attributable to the discovery of more colonies and an increased frequency of counting at the 10 islands after 1990/1991. The overall number of crowned cormorants breeding in South Africa is thought stable in the long term. Crowned cormorants feed mainly on small, inshore fish species that are not harvested by humans. Clinidae dominated the diet at 10 colonies adjoining the open sea, whereas Gobiidae contributed most food of birds at three colonies in a lagoon. The stability of the crowned cormorant population contrasts with decreases of some other seabirds endemic to southern Africa that feed primarily on prey that is exploited by fisheries. The crowned cormorant population decreased in the Northern Cape and small numbers initiated breeding at colonies to the east of Cape Agulhas at the turn of the century, but most of the population continues to breed to the west of Cape Agulhas. In some instances the availability of suitable breeding habitat may limit numbers breeding.     

砗蚝(Hippopus hippopus)的人工繁育

于2016年4—9月开展了砗蚝(Hippopus hippopus)人工繁育技术研究。采用五羟色胺进行催产、促使配子排放;精卵分别收集,进行异体间受精以避免自交;受精卵经过30h孵化,选出600万D形幼虫进行培育。砗蚝的早期生活史与砗磲(Tridacna spp.)相似,经历前期面盘幼虫、中期面盘幼虫、后期面盘幼虫、足面盘幼虫、单水管稚贝、双水管稚贝、外套膜触手稚贝、幼贝等阶段。与砗磲不同的是,砗蚝怀卵量较少,但卵径较大,D型幼虫也较大,幼虫趋光性更强,壳长2.0mm以后外套膜不伸出壳缘外,幼贝贝壳形态也不同于砗磲。同砗磲幼虫一样,砗蚝幼虫需要构建虫黄藻系统之后,才能出现鳃、次生壳等,从而完成变态成为稚贝。砗蚝幼虫变态率较低,仅为1.4%。中间育成期间,丝状藻和锥形螺是稚贝培育的主要敌害,需及时清理才能确保稚幼贝正常生长发育。经过120d的精心饲育,培养出平均壳长6.3mm幼贝500余个。本研究为进一步开展砗蚝人工繁育、中间育成、增殖放流、资源修复及移植保育提供了参考。     

北方用维尼纶苗帘培育海带夏苗的实验研究

根据南方和北方海带夏苗培育采用苗帘苗绳差异,在山东烟台国家级海带良种场海带育苗基地进行两种夏苗培育工艺的实验研究。在同一个育苗车间内,利用种海带采集游孢子并附苗,跟踪观测维尼纶苗帘和棕绳苗帘对海带育苗期间配子体发育、孢子体(幼苗)生长的影响,并比较两种不同苗帘育苗成本差异。结果显示:相同育苗条件下,维尼纶苗帘采苗后,配子体发育速度、孢子体形成速度显著优于棕绳苗帘上的配子体和孢子体;转化孢子体后,在育苗第15~31天时间内,维尼纶苗帘海带幼苗相对生长速率(RGR)显著大于棕绳苗帘幼苗(P0.05);维尼纶苗帘幼苗经55天培育,幼苗平均长度长至1.53 cm±0.13 cm,达到出库下海暂养规格,此时棕绳帘幼苗平均长度约0.47 cm±0.03cm。至70天,棕绳苗帘幼苗平均长度约1.78 cm±0.19 cm,维尼纶绳苗帘幼苗平均长度达7.87 cm±1.35cm,显著大于棕绳苗帘幼苗。采用维尼纶苗帘育苗,每1m3育苗水体育苗量约为60万株,综合育苗成本约为23元/万株,采用棕绳苗帘育苗,每1m~3育苗水体育苗量约40万株,综合育苗成本约为31元/万株。综上所述,北方采用维尼纶帘进行海带育苗在生产上具有可行性,并且可降低生产成本约25.8%。     

阿德雷岛企鹅种群分布、繁殖行为及其环境影响因子分析

2006/2007夏季对南极长城站地区的企鹅种群数量、分布及其繁殖行为进行了生态学调查与研究,共记录到5种企鹅:白眉企鹅、阿德利企鹅、纹颊企鹅、王企鹅和帝企鹅,前3种企鹅在本地区繁殖,后2种为本区旅鸟。阿德雷岛是本地区最重要的企鹅繁殖地,2006/2007南极夏季阿德雷岛上繁殖的企鹅约为9724只,繁殖期后的企鹅总数约为17220只,繁殖成功率为0.40—1.41只/对。通过与历史资料对比,初步分析了近年来在本地区繁殖的企鹅数量与种群结构的变化趋势及其与气候、环境、人类活动的关系。     

舟山虾塘纹藤壶的繁殖生物学研究

应用挂板试验方法,研究了舟山对虾养殖塘纹藤壶的繁殖生物学。底径为５．０～１２．０ｍｍ间的怀卵个体数量最多,怀卵率随底径的增大而升高;受精卵的卵径,随胚胎发育逐渐增大。幼体表现出随机分布的附着方式。底径增大、壳高增长和湿重增加是生长表观现象。     

双棘黄姑鱼人工育苗技术的研究

对双棘黄姑鱼【Nibeadiacanthus(Lacepede)】催产孵化和育苗技术进行了试验研究,并从形态学方面对其近似种和易混种进行了比较。结果显示,双棘黄姑鱼性腺发育至Ⅳ期经人工催产都能产卵受精．效应时间为20～40h。胚胎发育适宜水温为22～26℃．适宜盐度为30～35,孵化率为80％～90％。在育苗水温27～29℃,盐度28～30,150万初孵仔鱼经20d培育,共育出全长1．4～2．3cm的稚鱼95．3万尾,育成率62．3％;其中32．2万稚鱼分池继续培育至36天,育出全长3．1～5．2cm的幼鱼18．4万尾。本试验说明对双棘黄姑鱼进行人工催产孵化育苗,能够培育出达到商品规格的鱼种。     

花尾胡椒鲷室内与室外人工育苗的比较研究

将花尾胡椒鲷(Plectorbinchus cinctus)的受精卵在室内育苗池和室外大池不同环境下进行人工育苗比较试验,在26℃～28．8℃的水温条件下,室内培育盐度保持26左右,室外大池的盐度变动范围为26．2～22．9,经过36d的培育,结果显示：①在室内育苗池培育的鱼苗成活率最高为13．9％,最低为6．4％,平均为11．0％;室外培育的成活率仅为6％,室内培育相对室外培育的成活率增加45．5％。②室内培育的鱼苗平均体长为34．5mm,室外培育为52．1mm,室外培育相对室内培育鱼苗体长增加33．6％。③活力试验。室内培育的鱼苗成活率最高为94．8％,最低82．4％,平均为90．9％,而室外培育的鱼苗成活率则达到99．6％,室外培育相对室内培育鱼苗活力试验的成活率增加8．0％。因此,室内培育鱼苗的成活率相对较高,但生长缓慢,活力较差;室外培育鱼苗成活率相对较低,但生长快,活力强。