大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)家系选育 F2 早期选择反应和现实遗传力估计

为了评估大菱鲆选育F2的早期育种效果,采用3种方法,即,Ⅰ:比较F2选择系和对照系的最小二乘均值,Ⅱ:比较连续2代(F1和F2)选择系目标性状间的育种值,Ⅲ:比较F2选择系和对照系的育种值,估测了6月龄大菱鲆体重的选择反应,并进而分析了现实遗传力和遗传增益。结果表明,3种方法的选择反应估测值存在一定差异,其相应估测的现实遗传力和遗传增益也不相同;3种方法估测选择反应、现实遗传力和遗传获得的均值分别为3.1983±0.5880、0.2941±0.0531和8.70±1.60,显示出足够大的早期选择反应、中等的现实遗传力和较低的遗传获得,预示利用家系选育对大菱鲆进行遗传改良能够取得良好的育种成效,同时,这些群体还有很大的遗传改良潜力。     

Magnetic characteristics of sediment grains concurrently contaminated with TBT and metals near a shipyard in Busan,Korea

Bottom sediments near shipyards are often susceptible to receiving accidental spills of TBT and metals or their degradation products from hull scraping of antifouling system paints applied prior to 2008, when the AFS Convention 2001 was not in force. We investigated TBT and metal contamination of sediments near the shipyards of a small marina located in Busan, Korea and found that they were highly contaminated with TBT, Cu, and Zn. To better understand the environmental impacts and to make an optimal remediation plan, we characterized individual antifouling fragments in terms of metal and TBT contents, magnetic properties, and grain-size. Coarse-sized individual antifouling fragments exhibited simultaneously high levels of TBT, metals and high magnetic susceptibility, and appeared to be a major source of pollution in the sediment. Therefore, magnetic separation in combination with size-separation appears to be a cost-effective remediation method to remove the TBT and metals from contaminated shipyard sediments.     

Rock fragment distributions and regolith evolution in the Ouachita Mountains,Arkansas, USA

Rock fragments in the regolith are a persistent property that reflects the combined influences of geologic controls, erosion, deposition, bioturbation, and weathering. The distribution of rock fragments in regoliths of the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, shows that sandstone fragments are common in all layers, even if sandstone is absent in parent material. Shale and sandstone fragments are produced at the bedrock weathering front, but the shale weathers rapidly and intact fragments are rare in the solum. Sandstone is weathered from ridgetop outcrops and transported downslope. Some of these fragments are moved downward, by faunalturbation and by transport into pits associated with rotting tree stumps. Upward movement by treethrow is common, resulting in a net concentration of rocks near the surface. However, the highest fragment concentrations are in the lower regolith, indicating active production at the weathering front. The regolith is a dynamic feature, reflecting the influences of vertical and horizontal processes, of active weathering at the bedrock interface, and of surficial sediment movements. The role of trees in redistributing rock fragments suggests that significant regolith mixing occurs over time scales associated with forest vegetation communities, and that forest soils have likely been extensively mixed within Holocene and historic time. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种根据湿对流区域时空分布调整的BGM扰动改进方案

在增长模繁殖法(Breeding of the Growing Mode,BGM)的动态繁殖过程中,尺度化因子的选择极为关键。利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式,在分析飑线系统数值模拟误差增长机制的基础上,根据飑线发展过程中湿对流区域误差更容易快速增长的特点,提出了一种根据湿对流区域时空分布调整的BGM初始扰动改进方案。该方案通过在动态繁殖过程中对小扰动的水平结构进行调整,加强湿对流区域扰动,捕获到增长最快方向上的小扰动并将其作为初始扰动。试验结果表明:根据降水量调整的改进方案相比其他方案扰动能量较大,各集合成员之间差异也较大,集合平均预报误差较小;对强降水范围的模拟相对理想,暴雨的降水评分较高;对风廓线及水汽场的预报更接近于实况,较好地改善了集合预报效果。     

刺参高温定向选育群体子一代耐温性状的分析

在室内控温条件下测定了定向选育获得的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)耐高温群体子一代高温胁迫下的存活率及热休克蛋白(Hsp90和Hsp26)基因表达特征,从生理及分子水平分析了刺参耐高温群体子一代对高温胁迫的响应特征,确定高温耐受性的可遗传性。结果表明:与野生刺参群体子一代相比,定向选育刺参群体子一代在高温胁迫下表现出较高的存活率,32℃高温刺激下定向选育群体和野生群体稚参的存活率分别为80%和56.67%。高温胁迫下两个群体子一代的热休克蛋白90及26基因表达特征也存在差异,定向选育刺参群体子一代在高温刺激条件下热休克蛋白基因表达水平低于野生群体,且表达出现滞后现象。结果表明定向选育刺参群体子一代对高温具有一定的耐受能力,一定程度上验证了高温耐受性的可遗传性,该实验所获得的结果可以为后续刺参良种培育提供一定的理论依据和技术支撑。     

七带石斑鱼早期形态发育与仔稚幼鱼培育的观察研究

为掌握一套可行的七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)人工繁育操作规程、积累七带石斑鱼生物学资料和苗种培育技术经验,作者对七带石斑鱼早期发育各个发育阶段的形态特征及苗种培育进行了观察与研究。在水温23.5℃±0.5℃、盐度31、p H7.9~8.2、溶氧量6~8 mg/L的条件下,七带石斑鱼的受精卵历时31 h5 min完成胚胎发育过。胚胎发育可划分5个时期:卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期。根据卵黄囊、第二背鳍棘与腹鳍棘、鳞片和体色的变化,七带石斑鱼胚后发育可划分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期;仔鱼期又可分为前期仔鱼和后期仔鱼。在水温24~26℃,盐度28的海水中培育,初孵至2日龄(day post hatching,dph)仔鱼是前期仔鱼,3~30dph为后期仔鱼,31~57dph为稚鱼期,58dph进入幼鱼期。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩是七带石斑鱼胚后发育过程中最明显的变化特征。第二背鳍棘的长度在仔鱼28~30 dph达到最大值,占仔鱼全长的81%。这些特点增加了苗种培育的难度和障碍。     

Identifying remains of extinct kangaroos in Late Pleistocene deposits using collagen fingerprinting

Our knowledge of past animal populations, including the geographical ranges of extinct species, has largely been derived from morphological analyses of skeletal fossil remains. However, a major barrier to the identification of the remains of extinct megafaunal species in archaeological and palaeontological sites is the highly fragmented nature of the material, which often precludes confident taxonomic identifications based on morphology. Biomolecular techniques are able to go beyond these limitations and are increasingly being used to make such identifications. Protein analysis offers a promising alternative to DNA techniques because they can be much cheaper, more amenable to high‐throughput processing and work on much older specimens. Here we demonstrate the potential of collagen fingerprinting in an Australian context by extracting collagen from 50‐ka kangaroo fossils from two caves in Tasmania, and identify several species including the extinct short‐faced kangaroo Simosthenurus occidentalis . Importantly, of the five fossil bones sampled that had hitherto been ascribed morphology‐based identifications below the family level, three had been incorrectly identified during an initial assessment of photographs taken in the field. Our results highlight the utility of using protein‐based methods for making genus‐level identification of marsupial bone, especially those that may form a basis for broader arguments such as that of late‐surviving megafaunal species.

     

贝类养殖风险控制体系建设的基本构想

随着贝类养殖技术的提高,贝类养殖种类与养殖方式日趋多元化,养殖规模逐步扩大,养殖产量不断增加,现已成为中国水产养殖的重要组成部分。基于对中国贝类养殖发展现状的分析,将贝类养殖风险归纳为自然、生态、经济社会与技术风险等四类,并对四大风险的来源进行了深入分析,提出了建立贝类养殖"一体两翼"风险控制体系的基本构想。最后,从政府扶持、团队建设、科技攻关、融资等方面提出了保障措施与建议。     

台风路径集合预报试验

基于T63L9模式,利用BGM法进行了台风路径的集合预报试验,并对集合预报中的一个关键技术—繁殖长度进行了研究。结果表明:相对于控制预报,利用增长模繁殖法制作的集合预报对台风路径预报的技巧水平有了很大提高。集合预报中采用不同的繁殖长度对台风路径预报效果有一定影响。繁殖长度取2 d和3 d集合预报效果相对于控制预报都有很大提高。繁殖长度取为2 d时,集合离散度较小,取为3 d时较合理,取为4 d时,离散度较大。对台风路径的预报采用集合选择平均后,繁殖2 d和繁殖3 d的集合预报系统的预报效果都优于控制预报。从综合集合预报效果分析,繁殖长度取为3 d更合适。当集合预报中繁殖长度取为3 d时,在预报的前3天,台风路径集合预报误差基本维持在100 km,第4天误差也只接近300 km。相对于控制预报,集合预报的改进率在预报的2～4 d基本超过了60%,甚至可达到70%。     

江西省两系杂交稻制种基地气候风险区划的研究

通过对两系稻制种气候风险的数学定义，根据江西省1：25万地形数据和各气象台站40a气候资料及气候要素与海拔高度的关系，运用地理信息系统的空间分析方法，对两系稻制种基地的气候风险进行了区划，找出了最佳制种地理区域和不同品种最小气候风险下的最佳播种期。