车牛山岛铠平鲉繁殖群体生物学研究

利用2009年12月在海州湾车牛山岛调查采集的60尾标本,初步研究该海域铠平鲉群体的繁殖群体生物学特征。铠平鲉繁殖群体体长范围64～119mm,体质量范围6.4～60.2g,年龄组成Ⅱ～Ⅷ龄,性比1.5∶1,以Ⅳ龄和Ⅴ龄组占优势,成熟个体最低年龄为Ⅱ龄,最高年龄为Ⅷ龄。绝对怀卵量变动于327～7 706粒之间,平均3 387粒;相对怀卵量变动于29～204粒/g,均值126粒/g。绝对怀卵量与纯质量的关系为E=126 W-326.27,与体长的关系为E=6×10-7 L4.352。以矢耳石切片为材料鉴定年龄并用Von Bertallanffy方程描述其生长,结果显示雌雄生长差异显著,生长方程分别为雌性Lt=135.5×(1-e-0.158×(t+3.578)),雄性Lt=136.9×(1-e-0.148×(t+3.289))。根据生态参数判断,铠平鲉属于偏k-选择型鱼类。     

5种波长光对日本沼虾人工育苗幼体成活率的影响

光照与日本沼虾繁殖和孵化关系极为密切。研究了不同波长的光对日本沼虾孵化的影响 ,结果表明 :在环境光谱主峰值 4 70 .5nm、4 77.9nm、4 92 .6nm、5 0 4 .8nm和 6 15 .2nm条件下 ,适度成熟的亲虾都能顺利孵化 ,日本沼虾孵化与否 ,与孵化环境中的光波波长无关 ,而与抱卵日本沼虾胚胎发育有关。日本沼虾在孵化期对不同波长的光谱有明显的视觉敏感度分布 ,在前 4种光谱条件下 ,日本沼虾视觉器官敏感 ,而在光谱主峰值 6 15 .2nm时日本沼虾视觉器官不敏感。这一特点在日本沼虾育苗生产上具指导意义 ,可防止抱卵亲虾在孵化过程中吞食幼体 ,提高幼体成活率     

大泷六线鱼全人工繁育技术研究

2012年~2014年,作者在山东省海洋生物研究院鳌山卫中试基地进行了大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)全人工繁育研究,通过人工促熟、激素诱导,培育F1代全人工亲鱼558尾(雄鱼231尾,雌鱼327尾),获得受精卵33.0万粒,孵化F2代仔鱼30.0万尾,受精率98%,孵化率91%。在水温16~17℃、盐度31、p H 7.8~8.1、溶解氧6 mg/L条件下,历时110 d,培育平均全长6.2 cm F2代苗种11.7万尾,苗种成活率39%。作者在国内外首次开展了大泷六线鱼全人工繁育技术研究,丰富了大泷六线鱼养殖基础资料,为大泷六线鱼产业的发展奠定基础。     

4个文蛤群体鲜味物质比较分析

以江苏文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)为研究对象,采集红壳色文蛤原种、黄壳色文蛤原种、红壳色文蛤选育F1、红壳色文蛤选育F2 4个群体,检测其主要非挥发性鲜味物质成分单磷酸腺苷(AMP)、单磷酸鸟苷(GMP)、次黄嘌呤核苷酸(IMP)、琥珀酸、游离氨基酸、无机离子(Na~+、K~+、Cl~–、PO_4~(3–))的含量,并通过味道强度值(TAV)评价其呈味作用。鉴于核苷酸与氨基酸在呈味方面的协同效应,采用味精当量(EUC)评价不同文蛤群体的鲜味品质。结果表明,文蛤软体组织中AMP、琥珀酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸、Na+、K~+、Cl~–的TAV值大于1,是文蛤鲜味的主要贡献者;红壳色文蛤原种的鲜味强度最大(4.92 g/100g),其子代红壳色文蛤F1(4.08 g/100g)、红壳色文蛤F2(4.09 g/100g)稍有降低,但仍显著高于黄壳色文蛤原种(3.34 g/100g)(P0.05),表明江苏红壳色文蛤在鲜味品质方面具有相对稳定的较高品质。     

长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)野生与选育群体的微卫星遗传多样性分析

为了评估长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas) 2个壳长性状(掌心形)快速生长选育群体(LY2-K4、LY2-K7)、1个壳高性状(速生型)快速生长选育群体(LY2-K11)和6个野生群体(QHD、LS、HD、ZH、WD、KTD)的遗传多样性和遗传结构, 用21对多态性丰富的微卫星引物对9个长牡蛎群体的269个个体进行了遗传分析。结果显示: 21个微卫星位点共检测出了460个等位基因(N_a),平均等位基因数为21.905; 21个微卫星位点的多态信息含量(PIC)均大于0.5, 具有高度遗传多态性; 选育群体LY2-K11的遗传多样性最低(N_a=13, I=2.128,H_e=0.831, PIC=0.825), 野生群体KTD的遗传多样性最高(N_a=29,I=3.112, H_e=0.941, PIC=0. 938); 189个群体位点组合有66%偏离哈代-温伯格平衡, 表明这些群体存在一定程度的杂合子缺失; 9个群体间的遗传分化指数(F_st)为0.012~0.064, 处于较低的遗传分化水平; AMOVA分析显示遗传变异主要来自于个体内; PCoA分析结果与UPGMA聚类树一致, LY2-K11群体单独聚为一类, QHD和HD群体聚为一类, 其他6个群体聚为一类。综上所述, 长牡蛎3个选育群体和6个野生群体遗传多样性均较高, 遗传分化水平较低; 选育群体LY2-K11多样性略有下降, 选育过程中应保证亲本的数量及质量, 防止因近交衰退造成遗传多样性降低, 苗种抗逆性变差。该结果将为长牡蛎新品种的选育和野生种质资源的保护提供科学指导。     

Recolonisation of the Robberg Peninsula (Plettenberg Bay,South Africa) by Cape fur seals

The Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus colony at Robberg Peninsula, Plettenberg Bay, on the south-east coast of South Africa, was driven to extinction by indiscriminate harvesting by the late 1800s. Seals only began to recolonise this site in the 1990s. This study describes the recolonisation process from 2000 to 2009, exploring both within- and between-year count data of seals using the site. Counts increased over the study period from <300 animals to >3 100. Generalised linear models indicated the importance of year and month in explaining variability in the counts. Withinyear variability in the counts decreased over the study period, which may be related to an increasing proportion of resident (as opposed to transient) seals in the colony. However, the colony is currently still in a transition phase with a low ratio of breeding to non-breeding animals, based on the low numbers of pups born in the colony (currently still <100 per year). The influx of seals to the Robberg area may be associated with shifts in prey availability at the ecosystem level. The colony benefits from the protection afforded by the reserve status of the Robberg Peninsula and the existence of a marine protected area adjacent to it. However, human interference associated with fishing and/or ecotourism on the peninsula may inhibit development into a substantial breeding colony. Potential interventions for the conservation and management of this colony are discussed.     

Recent trends in numbers of four species of penguins at the Prince Edward Islands

Four species of penguin breed regularly at South Africa's Prince Edward Islands: king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus, gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua, macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus and southern rockhopper penguin E. chrysocome. In December 2008, it was estimated that some 65 000 pairs of king penguins were incubating eggs at Marion Island, the larger of the two islands in the group, and 2 000 pairs at Prince Edward Island. At Marion Island from 1987 to 2008, there was no long-term trend in numbers of king penguin chicks that survived to the end of the winter period, but there was considerable fluctuation in chick production in the 1990s. It was roughly estimated that on average 88% of king penguin chicks survived the winter period (from April to September/October). Numbers of gentoo penguins at Marion Island decreased from more than 1 300 pairs in the mid-1990s to fewer than 800 pairs in 2003, and then increased to almost 1 100 pairs in 2008 as breeding success improved. Between 1994/1995 and 2008/2009, numbers of macaroni and southern rockhopper penguins at Marion Island decreased by about 30% and 70% respectively. In 2008/2009, some 290 000 pairs of macaroni penguins bred at this island, mostly in two large colonies where there was a progressive decrease in the density of nests. At both these colonies, decreases in numbers breeding followed outbreaks of disease. Inadequate breeding success has influenced the decreases of macaroni and rockhopper penguins. In 2008/2009, some 42 000 pairs of southern rockhopper penguins bred at Marion Island and 12 000 pairs of macaroni penguins and 38 000 pairs of southern rockhopper penguins at Prince Edward Island.     

Distribution,abundance and growth of New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri pups on Campbell Island

Nine weeks field work was completed during two trips in January/February and March/ April 2003 to investigate the distribution and abundance of New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri pups at Campbell Island. A total of 161 pups were tagged and a further 138 dead pups were found. A closed mark‐recapture model was used to estimate the total number of live pups (e.g., tagged plus untagged pups) at Campbell Island in April as 247 (SE = 28, 95% CI 198–308). Pup production at Campbell Island is estimated at 385, which comprises 13% of the total pup production for the species in the 2003 season. This is the first robust estimate of pup production for New Zealand sea lions at Campbell Island. The figure of 385 pups is considerably higher than any of the previous estimates reported from Campbell Island. The high level of pup mortality (36%) at Campbell Island for approximately the first 2 months after birth is higher than the 17% reported for the Auckland Islands for approximately the same period in 2003, but is similar to unusually high levels of mortality (20–30%) reported at the Auckland Islands in recent years. It was not possible to determine the cause of death of the 138 dead pups owing to scavenging and decomposition. Pups were found over the whole Island, with the exception of its northern end. Male pups were significantly heavier and faster growing than female pups over the same period.     

中国对虾(Fenneropenaeuschinensis)多性状复合育种方案的遗传和经济评估

设计中国对虾Fenneropenaeus chinensis多性状复合育种方案,模拟选择20个世代,预测和评估目标性状(收获体重(BW),存活率(SR)和饲料摄入量(FI))的遗传进展及经济效益。利用选择指数理论,估计目标性状的选择反应和遗传进展;通过三级金字塔传递系统(核心群、扩繁群和生产群)放大遗传进展并计算其经济效益;对影响利润(RP)和效益成本比率(BCR)的生物学参数(遗传力、育种目标是否包括FI),经济学参数(对虾价格、饲料价格、贴现率、初投资、年费用)和运行参数(首次回报年份、扩繁效率)进行敏感性分析。结果表明,在基础参数值下,BW、SR和FI每个世代的选择反应分别为0.81g、1.41%和1.30g;以1 000尾虾为单位计算,BW、SR和FI的经济加权值分别为32元,20元和-8元,育种目标的遗传进展为43.69元,育种方案执行20年产生的RP和BCR分别为8 660.99万元和14.34。敏感性分析显示,生物学参数中,目标性状遗传力变化对RP和BCR影响程度中等,遗传力值越高,RP和BCR越大;将FI经济加权值设为0,育种方案的RP和BCR明显高于基础参数。经济学参数中,对虾价格的变化对RP和BCR影响较大;饲料价格、贴现率和年费用的变化对RP和BCR影响较小,但初投资变化对BCR影响较大。运行参数中,首次回报年份越晚,RP和BCR越低。扩繁效率是影响RP和BCR的最重要因素。高扩繁效率下,生产群规模扩大1 736.15%,RP和BCR分别提高1 866.92%和1 736.75%。     

Aspects of the upwelling regime between Cape Point and Cape Agulhas,South Africa

A progressive increase in mean ovary mass (standardized by the cube offish length) over time was observed in specified length classes of pilchard Sardinops ocellatus sampled from purse-seine catches off the west coast of South Africa. This, in earlier investigations, was considered to have been a density-dependent response following the collapse of the stock in the mid 1960s, and it appeared to result mainly from the increasing frequency of occurrence of pilchard entering the batch-spawning cycle, particularly among fish of 16–20 cm L_c . The possibility that the observed trend was an artifact of changing distribution of fishing or shifting seasonality of spawning relative to the three-month period of sample collection was rejected following analysis of variance on spatially disaggregated data and inspection of seasonal patterns in ovary mass. Other causes of the increase in mean ovary mass could have been density-dependence, declining age structure, changes in the environment and selection for early maturity under prolonged high rates of mortality. The data are critically examined to evaluate the likelihood of each of these explanations.