钙质结核土细观结构定量分析研究

钙质结核土的结构特征对于其宏观力学性质和工程特性具有重要的影响.利用空间统计分析和分形维数计算方法,对钙质结核土的细观结构进行了定量分析,提取并计算了其颗粒形态、定向性等分形维数.结果表明,钙质结核的分布具有良好的分形特征和统计自相关性特点.     

一种计算断裂信息维的方法及其应用

对断裂数据化处理,得到断裂控制点。以断裂控制点为约束,对断裂进行点插值,以单个统计单元为视窗,统计落入不同栅格内的插值点数目,进而求得插值点落入不同栅格的概率,对变量数据拟合,得到断裂信息维以及相关系数。将该思路应用在金湖凹陷阜二段断裂分形评价中,分别计算了断裂长度信息维、面积信息维。结果表明,90%以上的统计单元相关系数0.9,断裂发育区具有较高的自相似性,断裂总体分形特征曲线的相关系数0.999。金湖凹陷断裂的计算表明,该思路是测量断裂信息维的有效方法,能够提高工作效率,具有较好的应用前景。     

Planform dynamics of the Lower Mississippi River

This paper presents an analysis of the planform behaviour of the Lower Mississippi River (LMR) using a series of maps and hydrographic surveys covering the period 1765–1975. Data allow analysis at various time and space scales, using fixed and statistically defined reaches, both before and after extensive channel modification. Previous research has interpreted planform change in relation to geomorphological or engineering regime‐type analyses of channel length and width for the LMR as a ‘single system’. The analysis here is broadly consistent with these approaches, but highlights the importance of meander geometry, in the form of the radius of curvature:width ratio. This neglected factor helps resolve paradoxes relating to observed changes in sediment transport and channel stability. When viewed over smaller time and space scales, analysis of dynamics using fixed reach boundaries reveals a downstream trend in the pattern of planform behaviour, which is closely related to the distribution of valley floor deposits, and which also reflects neotectonic influences. Analysis of changes using statistically determined reach boundaries shows that, over shorter time scales, meander trains are continually formed and modified over a period of approximately 120 years. Zones of more‐or‐less dynamic behaviour thus move through the LMR. The research also provides a context for 20th century engineering interventions to the river. These have constrained the magnitude of planform adjustment, but also altered the kind of response that is now possible in relation to changes in discharge and sediment load, and as a consequence of internal feedbacks within the LMR system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Understanding subgrid variability of snow depth at 1‐km scale using Lidar measurements

It is well known that snow plays an important role in land surface energy balance; however, modelling the subgrid variability of snow is still a challenge in large‐scale hydrological and land surface models. High‐resolution snow depth data and statistical methods can reveal some characteristics of the subgrid variability of snow depth, which can be useful in developing models for representing such subgrid variability. In this study, snow depth was measured by airborne Lidar at 0.5‐m resolution over two mountainous areas in south‐western Wyoming, Snowy Range and Laramie Range. To characterize subgrid snow depth spatial distribution, measured snow depth data of these two areas were meshed into 284 grids of 1‐km × 1‐km. Also, nine representative grids of 1‐km × 1‐km were selected for detailed analyses on the geostatistical structure and probability density function of snow depth. It was verified that land cover is one of the important factors controlling spatial variability of snow depth at the 1‐km scale. Probability density functions of snow depth tend to be Gaussian distributions in the forest areas. However, they are eventually skewed as non‐Gaussian distribution, largely due to the no‐snow areas effect, mainly caused by snow redistribution and snow melt. Our findings show the characteristics of subgrid variability of snow depth and clarify the potential factors that need to be considered in modelling subgrid variability of snow depth.     

Directional effects on NDVI and LAI retrievals from MODIS: A case study in Brazil with soybean

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is largely used to estimate Leaf Area Index (LAI) using radiative transfer modeling (the “main” algorithm). When this algorithm fails for a pixel, which frequently occurs over Brazilian soybean areas, an empirical model (the “backup” algorithm) based on the relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and LAI is utilized. The objective of this study is to evaluate directional effects on NDVI and subsequent LAI estimates using global (biome 3) and local empirical models, as a function of the soybean development in two growing seasons (2004–2005 and 2005–2006). The local model was derived from the pixels that had LAI values retrieved from the main algorithm. In order to keep the reproductive stage for a given cultivar as a constant factor while varying the viewing geometry, pairs of MODIS images acquired in close dates from opposite directions (backscattering and forward scattering) were selected. Linear regression relationships between the NDVI values calculated from these two directions were evaluated for different view angles (0–25°; 25–45°; 45–60°) and development stages (<45; 45–90; >90 days after planting). Impacts on LAI retrievals were analyzed. Results showed higher reflectance values in backscattering direction due to the predominance of sunlit soybean canopy components towards the sensor and higher NDVI values in forward scattering direction due to stronger shadow effects in the red waveband. NDVI differences between the two directions were statistically significant for view angles larger than 25°. The main algorithm for LAI estimation failed in the two growing seasons with gradual crop development. As a result, up to 94% of the pixels had LAI values calculated from the backup algorithm at the peak of canopy closure. Most of the pixels selected to compose the 8-day MODIS LAI product came from the forward scattering view because it displayed larger LAI values than the backscattering. Directional effects on the subsequent LAI retrievals were stronger at the peak of the soybean development (NDVI values between 0.70 and 0.85). When the global empirical model was used, LAI differences up to 3.2 for consecutive days and opposite viewing directions were observed. Such differences were reduced to values up to 1.5 with the local model. Because of the predominance of LAI retrievals from the MODIS backup algorithm during the Brazilian soybean development, care is necessary if one considers using these data in agronomic growing/yield models.     

浙江萤石矿床的空间分布

本文应用单元递归法和分形丛集分析方法对浙江３个不同区域范围内６２９个萤石矿床（点）的空间及储量数据进行统计分析,提示了这些矿床在空间上遵循分形丛集分布,在０．５～１５ｋｍ尺度内具有较一致的分维数,分别为０．５３９、０．５５２和０．４０５,表明这些矿床尽管成矿地质环境及赋矿岩性没相同,但可能有着同一的成因机制;萤石矿床丛集分布形成的密集区的空间尺度为２５０ｋｍ＾２左右。在矿产勘查中可以依据这一尺度来     

砂岩铀矿的分形特征

铀矿化样品可视为m个变量构成的相空间中的点集 ,用改变子空间尺度的方法求得砂岩铀矿化样品在一维、二维、三维和四维相空间中的分维为 0 .74、1.0 3、1.2 3和 1.5 4。不同矿床和同一矿床的不同矿石类型、不同高程和不同温度范围的矿化样品在不同变量及其组合构成的同维相空间中的分维相同或相近 ,反映它们的空间结构自相似。本文还探讨了相空间维数与分维数、分维数与子空间尺度的关系 ,并评述了分维的地质意义。     

Fractal and Multifractal Properties of the Spatial Distribution of Natural Fractures--Analyses and Applications

The Cantor's dust theory is applied to investigate the scaling properites of the spatial distribution of natural fractures obtained from detailed scanline surveys of 27 field sites in the Appalachian Plateau of western New York, USA. The results obtained in this study indicate: 1) fracture spacing is characterized by fractal and multifractal properties. On small scales analyses yield an average fractal dimension of 0.15, which suggests a very high degree of clustering. In contrast, on large scales, fractures tend to be more regular and evenly distributed with an average fracture dimension of 0.52; 2) fractal dimension varies with different sets in different orientations, which can be attributed to interactions between pre-existing fractures and younger ones, as well as variations of the intensity of the stresses under which the fractures were formed; 3) a time sequence of fracture set formation can be proposed based on fractal and multifractal analyses, which consists of (from old to young): N-S, NW, ENE, and NE-striking sets. This time sequence is confirmed by the study of the abutting relationships of different fracture sets observed in the field.     

基于分形维数的环渤海地区海岸线变迁及成因分析

利用遥感和GIS技术提取了环渤海地区1980年、1990年、2000年和2010年4期海岸线信息,采用网格法计算每期海岸线的分形维数;分析了海岸线及其分形维数的时空变化特征、并探讨了其与海岸开发活动之间的关系。研究表明:在1980—2010年间,研究区海岸线长度持续增加,变化强度逐渐增大,海岸线共增加了1 074.35 km;从时间过程看,2000年以后海岸线长度进入快速增长时期;从区域范围看,以天津市和河北省所在的渤海湾地区海岸线的变迁最显著。研究期间,环渤海地区海岸线整体向海推进,海岸线分形维数逐渐增大,岸线形状趋于复杂。人为的海岸开发活动是海岸线变迁的主导因素,2000年之前海岸开发以围垦养殖、盐田为主;之后,港口码头建设和城镇建设型的海岸工程逐渐增多。海岸线的分形维数与海岸带的物质组成与演变过程有直接关系,大量规模不等的海岸工程的建设是海岸线分形维数变化的主导因素。