Seafloor Geomorphology and Processes on the Western Continental Margin of India based on Multibeam Acoustic Backscatter Data Analysis

An assessment of the multibeam sonar data of the central Western Continental Margins of India has been carried out to evaluate the seafloor geomorphology and processes by examining the geomorphological attributes e.g., slope, sediments, structures, etc. associated with geomorphic features. The variation in relief and the features located in the region have been mapped and interpreted collectively by utilizing several geospatial mapping tools. The backscatter strength across the area, apparently congruent with the local relief, has helped to examine the sediment movement on the seafloor. The prominent features found in the region include faults, pockmarks, mounds, submarine terraces, and submerged fossil reefs. Several areas with varying topography engender comparable fractal dimension at short scale breaks, and the probability density functions (PDFs) utilizing backscatter data depicting overlapping classes. The present study highlights how fractals and scale break parameters can be utilized to determine the seafloor processes and associated sedimentological dynamics in a complex geographical environment with strong bottom currents, seasonal upwelling, and faulted structure. The role and impact of the various geomorphic processes on the reworking of sediment movement and the overall progression of the seafloor morphology has been revealed for the first time in this part of the ocean bottom.     

经济地理学制度理论的发展与建构的重要方向

在中国制度差异显著与目前区域发展不平衡不充分的现实下,经济地理学与制度相结合的研究显得尤为必要。通过系统地梳理经济地理学与制度的关系发现,经济地理学与制度在历史上存在先分离后融合的情况,并且目前经济地理学与制度研究结合态势不容乐观,制度研究在本体论、方法论、时间维度、空间尺度、研究方法等方面仍然存在不足。通过文献梳理与理论分析,认为经济地理学的制度理论应基于演化经济地理学进行建构,并提出了建构的方向:1)以系统论、层级观为指导,注重构建制度的层级结构;2)以反还原论为基础,寻求方法论的突破;3)借助演化的思想与路径依赖理论,强调时间在制度系统中的作用;4)加强对各空间尺度的制度研究;5)注重工具方法的借鉴与创新。     

Sediment texture and grain-size implications: the Changjiang subaqueous delta

Sediment cores were collected from the subaqueous delta of the Changjiang Estuary. Sediment grain-size profiles and their fractal dimensions were analyzed, to elucidate responses to long-term sedimentary processes. In addition, the environmental sensitive populations of grain size have been extracted. The sediment cores can be divided into two parts, according to the sedimentary structures present. The upper part (0-12 cm) is interpreted as being the active layer, which is influenced frequently by changes i...     

南海南部断裂的分形研究

分形几何作为定量描述自然界中复杂非线性现象的强有力工具,将其应用于南海南部断裂体系的研究中,通过数盒子法计算了断裂分布的分维值。研究结果表明这种方法是可行的,断裂分布的分维值能有效地描述断裂的空间分布特征。南海南部断裂体系在标度区间25～250km内具有很好的统计自相似性,全部断裂的分维值为1．6601,北东向断裂的为1．3875,北西向断裂的为1．2693。根据断裂分维等值线,沿西南海盆扩张轴,两侧断裂呈对称展布;北东向的与北西向的在空间上有一定的互补性,这反映了两组断裂在发育过程中的相互制约性。结合南海的构造演化及南海南部油气盆地的分布,初步探讨了断裂分形特征与南海的构造演化及断裂分形特征与油气盆地分布之间的关系。     

山东省滨州市城镇体系的分形研究

运用分形理论从等级规模和空间结构两方面分析了滨州市城镇体系结构特征。从城镇体系规模结构方面,计算了滨州市城市规模分形分布的分维数和城镇体系的首位指数,并讨论了滨州市城镇体系的等级规模结构及其特点;从城镇体系空间结构角度,计算滨州市空间结构的关联维数,分析其分形特征。最后,提出滨州市城市发展的方向:扩大首位城市规模,培育次级中心城市,积极发展县域小城镇。     

天体运行轨道的背景介质理论导引与自相似分形测度计算的分维微积分基础

通过讨论天体运行背景介质理论的连续轨道及离散轨道这二个研究方向的基础假设,介绍了天体运行轨道的具体方程形式及理论框架概要;进一步地通过讨论天体运行轨道Binet方程的一般形式及其行星近日点进动角的解,给出了连续轨道理论与Newton理论及Einstein广义相对论的联系与区别;通过讨论天体运行轨道的分维扩展方程,给出了包括太阳系行星、天王星卫星、地球卫星、绕月航天器等在内的离散轨道（稳定性轨道）方程及其预言数据.特别地,作为对天体在较为广泛区域作用曲线的初步探讨推论,指出仅由天体引力难以形成质量密度趋于无穷大的理想黑洞.通过讨论一般函数的分维导数的位置假设及幂函数的分维导数的形式假设,进一步明晰了幂函数的分维导数、分维微分及分维积分的具体方程形式,给出分维导数与分数阶导数的区别,随后讨论了基于一般分形测度的分维微积分形式定义导出的自相似分形的测度计算方程具体形式,给出了其与目前Hausdorff测度方法（覆盖方法）的区别,并对包括三分Cantor集合、Koch曲线、Sierpinski垫片及正交十字星形等自相似分形在内的测度进行了计算分析.     

断裂和裂缝的分形特征

在详细剖析断裂和裂缝组成和结构相似性的基础上, 计算了贝尔断陷T₅和T₂两层构造图上断裂信息维和10口井布达特群岩心裂缝信息维, 分析了影响断裂和裂缝信息维的因素, 达到了从断裂信息维去预测裂缝分布的目的.影响断裂和裂缝信息维的因素包括密度、延伸长度、断层性质以及岩性, 但从根本上讲断层性质及岩性对信息维影响体现在断裂的密度上, 因此信息维应该是断裂发育程度的度量, 利用断裂信息维与裂缝信息维关系、裂缝信息维与裂缝密度关系预测裂缝的分布, 有利的裂缝发育带有3个区域, 与现今见油气井分布吻合.      

Preconditioned IDR(s) iterative solver for non‐symmetric linear system associated with FEM analysis of shallow foundation

Non‐associated flow rule is essential when the popular Mohr–Coulomb model is used to model nonlinear behavior of soil. The global tangent stiffness matrix in nonlinear finite element analysis becomes non‐symmetric when this non‐associated flow rule is applied. Efficient solution of this large‐scale non‐symmetric linear system is of practical importance. The standard Krylov solver for a non‐symmetric solver is Bi‐CGSTAB. The Induced Dimension Reduction [IDR(s)] solver was proposed in the scientific computing literature relatively recently. Numerical studies of a drained strip footing problem on homogenous soil layer show that IDR(s = 6) is more efficient than Bi‐CGSTAB when the preconditioner is the incomplete factorization with zero fill‐in of global stiffness matrix K_ep (ILU(0)‐K_ep). Iteration time is reduced by 40% by using IDR(s = 6) with ILU(0)‐K_ep. To further reduce computational cost, the global stiffness matrix K_ep is divided into two parts. The first part is the linear elastic stiffness matrix K_e, which is formed only once at the beginning of solution step. The second part is a low‐rank matrix Δ, which is re‐formed at each Newton–Raphson iteration. Numerical studies show that IDR(s = 6) with this ILU(0)‐K_e preconditioner is more time effective than IDR(s = 6) with ILU(0)‐K_ep when the percentage of yielded Gauss points in the mesh is less than 15%. The total computation time is reduced by 60% when all the recommended optimizing methods are used. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fractal analysis of long-range paleoclimatic data: Oxygen isotope record of pacific core V28-239

R/S analysis of the oxygen isotope curve of Pacific core V28-239 yields a fractal dimension of 1.22. This value is considered to characterize global climatic change over the last 2 million years as expressed by changing O¹⁸ ratios and confirms that climatic variations are characterized by long-term persistence. The fractal dimension of 1.22 compares favorably with the approximate fractal dimension of 1.26 for annual precipitation records for nine major cities in the United States. Although the precipitation and oxygen isotope data are measured in different physical units and recorded at different time scales, fractal analysis allows for a mathematical comparison of the two phenomena. Additionally, since the fractal dimensions of the oxygen isotope and precipitation records are similar, it is implied that such fractal dimensions are characteristic of climate change over the spectral range of 10 to 10⁶ years. Given this temperature curves based on fractal parameters of long-term O¹⁸ data could be constructed which would allow examination of characteristics of temperature variation over tens and hundreds of years. Such studies may allow the establishment of limits on natural temperature variation and document the persistence of temperature trends through time. If these trends and limits can be resolved, long-range climatic prediction is feasible.