Hydrological and salinity impacts of a bio‐drainage strategy application in the Yizre'el Valley,Israel

The bio‐drainage–commercial forestry strategy was applied in five plots in the Yizre'el Valley, northern Israel, to evaluate the hydrological and salinity impacts of eucalypt plantations. Each plot contained a mix of 11 selected eucalyptus species/ecotypes. Two plots (Nahalal and Genigar), representing the two extreme waterlogging/salinity conditions in the valley, were selected for in‐depth monitoring over a 10‐year period to assess the likely environmental improvement through bio‐drainage. Despite impressive growth rates of genetically improved Eucalyptus camaldulensis in the year‐round waterlogged, slightly saline Nahalal site (650 mm annual rainfall), the water uptake by the trees was insufficient to control the rising water table caused by excessive water inputs, both natural and human. In the more saline, alkaline and drier Genigar plot (450 mm annual rainfall), where rainfall is the only water input, the ground water dropped to below 3 m from soil surface in the fourth year after planting, i.e. deeper than the adjacent ground water levels. Both sites showed appreciable rise in wells that penetrated the 3‐ to 4‐m confining layer. The 10‐year salinity (EC) trend of the top layer in Nahalal varied because the drainage was limited by the positive water balance and the above‐average spells of dry winters. In and below the 4 m deep layer the EC remained below 1·5 dS m^?1 throughout the entire 10‐year study. The last EC measurement, taken in 2003, showed values not higher than 4 dS m^?1 throughout the 6 m soil profile. In Genigar, there was significant leaching of salts from the top layer (1 m) during the 9‐year monitoring period, but recently a salts ‘bulge’ was gradually developed in the 1–5 m strata indicating that the expected downward movement of leached salts was impeded by the 3–4 m deep low‐permeability clayey layer that lies over a coarser, far more conductive and notably confined layer, which leads to a perched water body. The last EC measurement at the end of 2003 showed a maximum value of 5·5 dS m^?1 at 3 m depth. No signs of tree stress were observed in either site, at any soil depth during the 10 years of monitoring. Theoretical considerations do not support the hypothesis that there would be a fatal long‐term accumulation of salts in the root zone. The Israeli experience has shown that the bio‐drainage technique can effectively lower a shallow water table and reverse salinity trends, provided that the overall water balance is negative, i.e. that the water inputs match the water use by the tree plantation and local drainage characteristics. However, the rate of improvement of the hydraulic, salinity, sodicity and soil physical properties is site specific. Excess fresh water inputs into the plantation, although they create waterlogging conditions, supply unlimited water to the trees, which, in turn, show exceptional growth rates, with usable commercial value. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Afforestation and stream temperature in a temperate maritime environment

There have been few long term investigations of the effects of afforestation on stream temperatures in the UK, and the present study uses the results of continuous monitoring of water temperatures in a forest and a moorland stream of the Loch Grannoch area in southwest Scotland over a 4 year period to investigate the effects of planting coniferous forest on stream thermal regime. The presence of a coniferous tree canopy resulted in a lowering of mean water temperatures by ～0·5 °C but larger reductions in summer monthly mean maxima and diel ranges of up to 5 °C and 4 °C respectively. The diel cycle in the forested stream lagged behind that of the moorland site in all months of the year, but the delay in timing was greater for the peak than for the trough in the diel cycle. Mean water temperatures were higher in the forest stream during the mid‐winter months, reflecting higher minimum values. Contrasts in stream thermal regime between forest and moorland showed relatively little interannual variability over the study period. Continuous monitoring of air temperatures during 2002 revealed contrasts between the study sites that were less pronounced for air than for water temperature, and suggested it is the shading of incoming solar radiation that has a strong effect in determining the water temperature behaviour of the forested stream. Although the biological impact of the observed contrasts in stream temperature between land uses is likely to be relatively modest, the presence of forest cover moderates the occurrence of high summer temperatures inimical to the survival of some salmonid species. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

混合编程技术在台风资料图形化分析中的应用

详细论述了Visual Basic和Visual Fortran混合编程的两种技术方法:Visual Basic直接调用Visual Fortan预编译生成的可执行文件以及基于Win32动态链接库(DLL)进行参数传递.并利用台风资料图形化分析实例对开发的具体步骤进行阐述,为解决数值计算和图形操作界面开发的技术难题提供有效的方法.     

PDM的工作流管理技术研究

介绍了PDM系统的基本功能，详细论述了工作流管理模块对产品开发过程中项目管理和工程更改业务的支持。工作流管理是PDM的核心功能之一，不仅与系统的其它模块联系紧密，而且在很大程度上决定整个PDM系统能否在企业成功的实施应用。     

浅层地震反射波资料处理在微型计算机上的实现

本文对浅层反射资料的常规处理在微机(Dual 68000。和IBM PC/XT)上的实现做一简单介绍.由于方法原理众所周知,因此只就处理模块的功能和特点以及实际应用作一讨论,并对目前我教研室浅层地震资料处理的软件开发工作和设想作一介绍.     

卫星重力测量数据处理软件系统的设计

介绍了自主开发的卫星重力测量数据处理软件--GRASTAR,给出了该软件的整体设计框架和功能.该软件主要采用动力学法实现,应用CHAMP卫星和GRACE卫星的观测数据反演地球重力场模型.利用模拟方法验证了该软件的正确性,并利用GRASTAR处理了126 d的CHAMP卫星数据,解算出直到40阶次重力场模型的初步结果.     

Locating benefits: Decision-spaces, resource access and equity in US community-based forestry

In the US, the Ford Foundation’s Community-based Forestry Demonstration Program (2000-2005) promoted an internationally prominent model of community forestry centered on the simultaneous, balanced pursuit of ecological, economic and social goals (often symbolized as the “three-legged stool,” or “triple bottom line”). This paper develops an alternative framework for analysis that emphasizes the causal precedence of shifts in power relations, specifically the devolution of resource access and decision-making authority, rather than environmental, social and economic outcomes. These outcomes are not necessarily beneficial, and any benefits realized seldom occur simultaneously. Rather, they can be envisioned as the floors of a house erected sequentially on a foundation of resource access and control. While no universal claim is made, the “house” model proves an apt fit for many community-based forestry initiatives, including the two case studies presented. Who among the differentiated social groups within a community gained access to resources and decision-making influence largely predicted who gained individually. Nonetheless, indirect benefits felt at community and higher scales were significant. The findings further indicate that community forestry generally will not advance social equity unless it specifically targets marginalized groups. Crucially, equity is understood to embrace not only distributional justice, but also capacity-building and empowerment.     

武汉重力固体潮长周期潮汐参数的确定

基于武汉国际重力潮汐基准台GWR-C032型超导重力仪记录的1997年到2002年的重力潮汐数据,研究了重力固体潮长周期潮汐波的潮汐参数特征。引进一种新的VAV重力固体潮汐分析方法,设计了有效的漂移模型,考虑台站气压、极移和日长变化对重力的影响,得到非潮汐变化量为22．54nms^-2／a。     

湖北省应对气候变化的方案分析与政策含义

 应对全球气候变化需要地方采取应对措施。根据湖北省"十一五"规划纲要提出的目标和《中国应对气候变化国家方案》提出的具体任务,通过分析论证气候变化的脆弱性以及经济发展对能源需求的增长,提出了湖北省适应和减缓气候变化的应对方案,并分析了湖北省温室气体排放的3种情景。湖北省作为国家能源和经济格局的组成部分,需要协同国家战略及布局,不仅为湖北省自身,也要为国家的低碳发展做出贡献。     

建设一支合格的电视气象节目主持人队伍

通过对气象节目主持人目前存在问题的分析,找出建设气象节目主持人队伍相应对策。