从20年国际地学计划中看地震观测台网与现代数字地震仪的发展

本文简要介绍现今国际地球科学观测的现状和最新动向．最近20多年来由于地震台网、台阵理论的发展以及数字宽频带地震观测技术在一系列国际地学计划的广泛使用,使人类对地球的了解在深度、广度和精度上都取得巨大进步．并用大量统计数据说明了现代地震观测中数字地震仪器的使用情况、国际上主流地震检波器及采集器的性能及其相关问题,以期对我国未来各类地震台网的设计以及台网在观测能力和数据质量上与国际接轨提供有用的线索。     

填埋场渗滤液COD降解曲线的拟和与优化简法

结合上海老港垃圾填埋场渗滤液的实际监测数据．建立了COD降解模型．介绍了利用Excel及其非线性规划求解工具拟合并优化填埋场渗滤液COD降解曲线的新方法。结果表明：①填埋场渗滤液COD衰减过程符合一级反应过程;②用Excel软件包拟合曲线简捷明了．拟和精度高,具有较大的工程应用价值。     

东海深部致密储层主要钻井技术及其应用

随着东海对深部致密储层油气资源的勘探开发,深井、超深井钻井面临的地层埋藏深、压力体系复杂、地层可钻性差、裸眼段长、井斜大等难题,需要研究可行的技术方案加以解决。为此,2012年以来,在东海实施的深井、超深井中,通过应用深井井身结构优化、高效抗摩减阻剂、动力导向和复合冲击提速技术、井口回注固井技术和随钻声波固井质量评价技术,实现了安全、快速的钻井效果。上述技术的应用对致密地层钻进、提高钻井速度、缩短钻井周期、降低作业成本、获得更好的经济效益,具有重要的保障作用。     

我国林业地理信息产业发展与创新

林业地理信息,是以森林资源及生态环境为研究对象,依托现代地球观测、大数据、物联网、云计算等先进技术,通过精准的时空观测,实施精准的时空作业,达到理想林业时空模式,从而使森林最大限度地发挥生态效益、社会效益和经济效益。林业地理信息主要应用在森林观测、森林经营、造林、森林灾害防控方面。本文从林业地理信息特征、林业地理信息产业需求和林业地理信息装备创新3个方面对林业地理信息进行阐述。     

美国“未雨绸缪(Ready)”项目及其对我国防震减灾宣传的启示

美国的"未雨绸缪(Ready)"项目致力于在全国范围内开展防灾公益宣传,包含面向企业、儿童、老人及残疾人等社会群体的若干扩展项目。自实施以来,它通过多种渠道广泛宣传减灾知识,取得了较高的社会关注度,在面向不同群体的应急宣传中发挥了巨大作用。该项目在广泛动员社会力量、细化宣传对象、充分利用现代媒体技术等方面的宣传经验对我国防震减灾应急宣传具有积极的借鉴意义。     

考虑既有建筑最不利方向的抗震能力评估方法

主要研究在役结构的抗震性能评估方法。首先,在前人研究的基础上,给出了在役结构的力学模型;其次,通过对2次小震的动力时程分析,得出结构的最不利方向,并在此方向上利用三维分析程序CANNY 99,对结构进行Pushover分析,将得出的结构能力曲线与由实际地震波得到的需求谱叠合,求出结构性能点,进而评估结构的抗震性能。通过一算例具体说明该方法的应用步骤,并由程序输出结构在到达性能点时的梁柱破坏情况。本文从钢筋锈蚀和混凝土老化这两个方面考虑使用年限对结构的影响;同时,从结构的最不利方向对结构进行Pushover分析,考虑了结构在地震作用下柱子双向受弯的特点,更加符合实际情况。     

Soil-structure interaction using BEM–FEM coupling through ANSYS software package

The main aim of this work is to develop, verify and apply in simulation study an efficient hybrid approach to study seismic response of a soil-structure system taking into account all the important components as: (1) the line time-harmonic source with its specific geophysical properties; (2) the inhomogeneity and heterogeneity of the wave path from the source to the local geological region; (3) the geotechnical properties of the near-field local geological profile and finally (4) the properties of the engineering structure itself. Plane strain state is considered. The hybrid computational tool is based on the boundary element method (BEM¹) for modeling the infinite far-field geological media and finite element method (FEM²) for treating the dynamic behavior of the structure and the near-field finite soil geological region. Each of the two techniques is applied in that part of the whole model where it works more efficiently. The hybrid numerical scheme is realized via the sub-structure approach, direct BEM¹, conventional FEM² and insertion of the BEM¹ model of the seismically active far-field geological media as a macro-finite element (MFE³) in the FEM² commercial program ANSYS. The accuracy and verification study of the proposed method is presented by solution of numerical test examples simulating different seismic scenarios. The obtained results show clearly that the hybrid model is able to demonstrate the sensitivity of the synthetic signals to the source properties, to the heterogeneous character of the wave path, to the relief peculiarities of the local layered geological deposit and to the specific properties of the engineering structure.     

Toxicity of a secondary-treated sewage effluent to marine biota in Bass Strait, Australia: development of action trigger values for a toxicity monitoring program

Melbourne Water's Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP) produces a secondary-treated sewage effluent which is chlorinated and discharged into Bass Strait at Boags Rocks, Victoria, Australia. Disappearance of the sensitive brown seaweed Hormosira banksii from rock platforms immediately adjacent to the shore-line discharge was identified in the early 1990s. Subsequently, Melbourne Water and CSIRO undertook an environmental impact assessment and review of land and marine effluent disposal options, which included ambient water quality monitoring, biological monitoring, bioaccumulation studies and toxicity testing of existing effluent to assess the nature and magnitude of the environmental effects. This paper presents data from the toxicity monitoring programs since 2001. Chronic toxicity testing using macroalgal germination and cell division (H. banksii), microalgal growth rate (Nitzschia closterium) and scallop larval development (Chlamys asperrima), confirmed that ammonia was the major cause of effluent toxicity. Results from this toxicity monitoring program were used to develop action trigger values for toxicity for each species, which were then used in a refined monitoring program in 2005-2007. An upgrade of the ETP is in progress to improve nitrification/denitrification in order to reduce ammonia concentrations and the toxicity of the effluent. Toxicity testing with a simulated upgraded effluent confirmed that ammonia concentrations and toxicity were reduced. Estimated "safe" dilutions of effluent, calculated using species sensitivity distributions, decreased from 1:140-300 for existing ETP effluent to 1:20 for nitrified effluent, further confirming that treatment improvements should reduce the impact on marine biota in the vicinity of the discharge.     

“十五”地磁相对记录仪器干扰分析与安装方案改进

描述了地磁相对记录仪器FHDZ-M15地磁总场与分量组合观测系统和GM4磁通门磁力仪,在安装中需要注意的问题,和记录曲线上表现出来的干扰形式。通过分析干扰产生的原因,最后给出记录仪器的改进安装方案。     

综合气象服务系统程序设计

简要介绍综合气象服务系统软件的开发思想、总体结构及程序设计难点的解决方案,以中文Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ９５为操作平台,采用Ｆｏｘｐｒｏ、Ｖｂ等语言开发。该系统内容丰富,专业化程度高,服务方式多样,手段先进,是一个综合性、集约型服务系统。１９９８年业务运行稳定,效果良好,具有较好的可维护性、管理方便和较强的实时业务能力