武汉-1超深地热井钻井成井工艺

根据设计要求及地质特征,武汉-1超深井采用回转钻进、泥浆泵正循环、牙轮钻头钻进、钻铤给压钻进工艺,采用合理的钻探技术参数保证地热井结构及垂直度符合设计要求,并对泥浆进行降密度、提粘、提切并加入适量堵漏剂的方法堵漏,取得了良好效果。抽水试验说明该井出水能力较强,热储层含水层富水性较好,且水温不受气温影响,在井流试验过程中水温损失所占比例较小,证明了本井的钻井和成井技术是合理的。介绍了武汉-1井的钻井成井工艺及抽水试验成果。     

Conservation of vaquita marina in the Northern Gulf of California

Vaquita marina, a small species of porpoise endemic to the Northern Gulf of California in Mexico, is the world's most endangered cetacean species. With the purpose of preserving vaquita, the Mexican government launched PACE-Vaquita in 2008. This voluntary program offers an innovative schedule of compensations: as in a payment-for-conservation program, PACE-Vaquita compensates for temporary reductions in fishing effort; as in a program to accelerate technology adoption, PACE-Vaquita compensates for switching to vaquita-safe fishing methods; and as in a buyback program, PACE-Vaquita compensates fishermen for a permanent exit from fisheries. This paper seeks the factors explaining fishermen's participation in PACE-Vaquita during its first year of operation. Analysis is carried out through a multinomial logit specification on a data set collected one week after the enrollment deadline. This paper shows that fishermen with skills in alternative economic activities more likely quit fishing, and fishermen with relatively less productive vessels more likely switched to vaquita-safe fishing methods. Discussion of public policy implications is provided.     

澜沧江流域退耕还林农户土地利用变化及其原因分析——以云县晓街乡为例

从退耕还林工程的实施将改变云南省生态环境的大背景出发,采用对比研究的方法对澜沧江流域退耕还林前后农户对土地资源的利用方式、利用强度及空间分布3个方面进行定性研究,探讨了退耕还林工程对项目区土地利用的影响,并得出如下结论：（1）退耕后农户对土地资源的利用变得更为复杂,主要表现在：土地利用面积增减、利用类型变更、空间分布变化及土地利用组合方式变化;（2）退耕还林工程如果只是将当地原有的生产、生活体系打破而又没有建立起合适的替代体系的话,其综合效益的发挥将受到严重影响。建议提高农户对土地资源的利用效率是当前切实发挥和巩固退耕还林工程综合效益的关键;减少农户生产、生活对土地的依赖才是长远之策。     

关于推进我国地震预报进步的几点建议

本文立足于我国地震预报的实践及当前地震预报的科学水平,提出了推进我国地震预报进步的几点建议：①继续坚持并强化现行地震预报管理体制,不断改进经验性和统计预报的方法,努力作好震情监测预报工作,为防震减灾再做出一些有减灾实效的预报。②制订中国地震监测预报中长期科学发展规划,努力提高我国地震预报研究的科学水平。③探索地震动力(物理)预报的途径。④培养一流的地震预报科技人才,开展地震预报的国际合作研究。     

基于Casagrande法数学分析确定先期固结压力

Casagrande经验作图法是国际上通用的确定先期固结压力的方法,但其存在以下缺点：曲线绘制繁琐、若绘图比例不合适,则最小曲率半径点不易确定、人为判断误差较大。而工程中所采用的土工试验数据处理商用软件计算先期固结压力,其算法、精度分析是黑匣子,结果精度值得商榷。在总结以往研究成果基础上,结合理论研究和工程实践要求,依据《土工试验方法标准》[1],采用3次多项式和最小二乘法回归拟合压缩曲线,并考虑绘图比例影响,编写程序确定先期固结压力,最后通过具体工程土工试验数据验证了程序求解不仅能避免经验作图法的缺陷,而且结果直观清晰。     

敦煌莫高窟窟前林带防护效应的风洞实验

洞窟环境包括窟内的温度、湿度、光照、气流等环境因素的适宜程度,对保护洞窟内的壁画和彩塑是十分重要的。洞窟环境不仅因洞窟所处的位置、大小、型制、有无窟门及窟门形式等而异,而且与窟外整个大环境密切相关。不同风况对洞窟内的气流交换起着重要的作用,也是造成石窟壁画彩塑风沙尘粒沉积、崖面风蚀的主要原因。通过风洞模拟实验,从窟前流场、洞窟环流、崖角形状及其受力等几个方面研究了窟前林带的防护效应和崖角防风蚀机理。结果表明：从控制洞窟水汽因素来讲,窟前以通风结构林带最佳,疏透结构林带次之,紧密结构林带欠佳。控制窟前林带灌溉强度,建立多次、少量的窟前林带灌溉制度,同时,在偏东风条件下尽量减少对窟前林带的灌溉,是控制林带生长和底层洞窟侧渗的重要一环。考虑到促进洞窟自然通风的需求,采用一定疏透度的窟门和采取必要的强迫通风,能够较大改善洞窟的自然通风和环境适宜状况。     

Erosion mechanisms and sediment sources in a peatland forest after ditch cleaning

Ditch cleaning in drained peatland forests increases sediment loads and degrades water quality in headwater streams and lakes. A better understanding of the processes controlling ditch erosion and sediment transport in such systems is a prerequisite for proper peatland management. In order to relate hydrological observations to key erosion processes in headwater peatlands drained for forestry, a two‐year study was conducted in a nested sub‐catchment system (treated with ditch cleaning) and at two reference sites. The treated catchment was instrumented for continuous discharge and turbidity monitoring, erosion pin measurements of changes in ditch bed and banks and time‐integrated sampling of suspended sediment (SS) composition. The results showed that ditch cleaning clearly increased transient suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) and suspended sediment yields (SSYs), and resulted in temporary storage of loosely deposited organic sediment in the ditch network. After exhaustion of this sediment storage, subaerial processes and erosion from ditch banks became dominant in producing sediment for transport. Recorded SSCs were higher on the rising limbs of event hydrographs throughout the study period, indicating that SS transport was limited by availability of erosion‐prone sediment. A strong positive correlation (R² = 0.84, p < 0.001) between rainfall intensity (above a threshold of 1 mm h^?1) and average SSC obtained on the rising limb of hydrographs for the sub‐catchment showed that soil detachment from ditch banks by raindrop impact can directly increase SSC in runoff. At the main catchment outlet, variation in SSC was best explained (R² = 0.67, p < 0.05) by the linear combination of initial discharge (?), peak discharge (+) and the lag time from initial to peak discharge (?). Based on these factors, ditch cleaning slightly increased peak discharges and decreased transit times in the study catchment. The implications of the results for water pollution management in peatland forests are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ground motion record simulation for structural analysis by consideration of spectral acceleration autocorrelation pattern

A novel approach is introduced to generate simulated ground motion records by considering spectral acceleration correlations at multiple periods. Most of the current reliable Ground Motion Record(GMR) simulation procedures use a seismological model including source, path and site characteristics. However, the response spectrum of simulated GMR is somewhat different when compared with the response spectrum based on recorded GMRs. More specifi cally, the correlation between the spectral values at multiple periods is a characteristic of a record which is usually different between simulated and recorded GMRs. As this correlation has a signifi cant infl uence on the structural response, it is needed to investigate the consistency of the simulated ground motions with actual records. This issue has been investigated in this study by incorporating an optimization algorithm within the Boore simulation technique. Eight seismological key parameters were optimized in order to achieve approximately the same correlation coeffi cients and spectral acceleration between two sets of real and simulated records. The results show that the acceleration response spectra of the synthetic ground motions also have good agreement with the real recorded response spectra by implementation of the proposed optimized values.     

Understandings of Relationships between Agriculture and Biodiversity in Kunisaki GIAHS

<正>1 Characteristics of Kunisaki GIAS and aims of this research Kunisaki GIAHS in the Kunisaki peninsula and Usa area,Oita,Japan,is a system where forestry,agricultural production,and fisheries are sustained by the strong connection between Sawtooth Oak forest,multiple interlinked irriga tion ponds,and Seto Inland Sea(Vafadari 2013a;2013b;Hayashi 2013).This area receive around 1,500 mm of annual precipitation with a     

利用AutoLISP语言开发制作标准图幅接合表程序的实践与探讨

着重介绍了利用AutoLISP语言在开发制作标准图幅接合表程序的过程和源代码,通过编程实践,实现了程序自动生成图幅接合表的功能,大大减少了人工编辑的工作量,提高了做图效率,消除了人为错误.