Clearcutting and pine planting effects on nutrient concentrations and export in two mixed use headwater streams: Upper Coastal Plain,Southeastern USA

Timber harvest temporarily increases water yield; however, relationships between hydrologic and nutrient chemistry changes have not been consistent. This study quantified the effects of forest harvesting and site preparation without fertilization and with modern best management practices on nutrient concentrations and yields in small headwater streams of the Southeastern Coastal Plain. We monitored two watershed pairs for 2 years prior to and 1 year following timber harvest and for 2 more years following site preparation and planting. Treatment watersheds were clearcut, and downstream portions of streamside management zones were thinned in Fall 2003. Site preparation (herbicide application and burning) and planting followed a year later. All operations followed 1999 Georgia forestry best management practices. Previously published research revealed a large increase in water yield following harvest. Nutrient concentrations varied significantly within and between monitoring periods, even in reference watersheds. Silvicultural activities had no discernible effect on phosphorus and ammonium concentrations; however, statistically significant increases in nitrate/nitrite (67–340 µg L⁻¹) and total nitrogen concentrations (100–400 µg L⁻¹) in treatment watersheds followed stand re‐establishment. Nutrient yields increased after timber harvest largely as a result of increased water yields, although increased nutrient yields were small relative to inter‐annual and inter‐watershed variability and variability. Annual water yield largely explained the variability in annual nitrogen and phosphorus export from reference and treatment streams (r² values from 0.65 to 0.98). High NO_x concentrations coming from an upstream agricultural area decreased 1600–1800 µg L⁻¹ over several hundred metres in the treatment streams by dilution, uptake or denitrification. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Key factors which influence the success of community forestry in developing countries

While community forestry has shown promise to reduce rural poverty, improve reforestation and potentially offset carbon emissions, many projects have failed, either partly or completely. In order to understand why community forestry succeeds or fails, we examined in detail the literature related to community forestry from three countries, Mexico, Nepal and the Philippines. We also drew on experiences in other countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa. We identified five main interconnected factors which the literature suggests are often critical to the success of community forestry. To integrate the many ways in which community forestry projects can improve the state of these factors, we use the concept of ‘bonding social capital’, i.e. communities’ ability to work together towards a common aim and ‘bridging social capital’, i.e. their ability to liaise with the outside world. To understand the interaction of the five success factors and the way in which improvements to bonding or bridging social capital may affect them, we developed a causal diagram which depicts the interrelationships between the success factors and the key points at which project inputs may be best applied. It is clear from our analysis that failing to appreciate both the complexity and interaction of the various influences may lead to project failure.     

大型地下洞室群地震模拟振动台试验研究(Ⅱ):试验方案设计

为了解大型地下洞室群在地震过程中的动态响应特征,以大渡河流域的大岗山水电站大型地下洞室群为原型,开展地震模拟振动台物理模型试验研究。作为国内外首次进行此类振动台试验研究,系统介绍整个试验的方案设计。首先,根据本次试验的目的和特性,给出试验基本简化原则,并对模型体系进行相似设计,按照完全相似模型推导出各物理量的动力相似常数、确定模拟范围、模型尺寸和相似材料配比。然后,对试验边界条件进行设计,确定了作为柔性边界的聚苯乙烯泡沫板的材料和几何参数,制作了用于测量围岩内部应力的应变砖传感器,并介绍模型制作、洞室成型与开挖等工艺步骤;最后,确定试验输入波形,并按相似理论要求进行调整,给出模型试验的加载工况。经后期试验数据的分析,证明试验条件简化合理,模型设计与制作成功。一整套模型设计方法与制作工艺,可供今后类似试验作为参考。     

Change of Soil Organic Carbon after Cropland Afforestation in ′Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control′ Program Area in China

Land use change is one of the major factors that affect soil organic carbon(SOC) variation and global carbon balance. However, the effects of land use change on SOC are always variable. In this study, using a series of paired-field experiments, we estimated the effects of revegetation types and environmental conditions on SOC stock and vertical distribution after replacement of cropland with poplar(Populus tomentosa) and korshinsk peashrub(Caragana korshinskii) in three climate regions(Chifeng City, Fengning City and Datong City of the ′Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control′(BTSSC) program area. The results show that SOC sequestration rate ranges from 0.15 Mg/(ha·yr) to 3.76 Mg/(ha·yr) in the soil layer of 0–100 cm in early stage after cropland afforestation in the BTSSC program area. The SOC accumulation rates are the highest in Fengning for both the two vegetation types. Compared to C. korshinskii, P. tomentosa has greater effects on SOC accumulation in the three climate regions, but significantly greater effect only appears in Datong. The SOC density increases by 20%–111% and 15%–59% for P. tomentosa and 9%–63% and 0–73% for C. korshinskii in the 0–20 cm and 20–100 cm soil layers, respectively. Our results indicate that cropland afforestation not only affects SOC stock in the topsoil, but also has some effects on subsoil carbon. However, the effect of cropland afforestation on SOC accumulation varied with climate regions and revegetation types. Considering the large area of revegetation and relatively high SOC accumulation rate, SOC sequestration in the BTSSC program should contribute significantly to decrease the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.     

基于AutoLISP的数字地形图塔基断面自动提取程序设计

随着电力事业的发展,架空送电线路电力勘测塔基断面显得十分重要,同时也是结构专业塔基基础设计的参考依据.文中分析目前电力勘测塔基断面获取的方法和DXF文件的编码格式,利用实测的大比例尺数字塔基地形图,基于AutoLISP编程实现数字塔基、地形图塔基断面自动提取存储的方法.提取的塔基断面数据与实测数据对比,证明方法具有可靠性、准确性、自动化程度高等特点,满足设计要求,弥补传统塔基断面数据获取的不足,提高数据处理效率.     

编写LISP程序进行城市地下管线竣工图标注的实例

城市地下管线竣工图绘制过程中有大量、且重复性的标注,通过编写LISP程序可以轻松、快速地完成这一项工作,从而提高作图速度,并且保证作图的工整。     

徕卡新型全站仪TS 30的测评和开发研究

介绍了徕卡新型TS 30全站仪的卓越性能、测距精度分析和机载程序开发平台GeoC^＋＋,结合工程实践开发了地铁自动变形监测的机载应用程序。     

利用组件GIS和构件技术建立林业GIS系统

随着计算机技术的进步,以林业GIS系统为代表的林业信息化进程得到前所未有的发展,但也存在着工程重复建设的问题,没有按统一的标准、规范和要求进行,特别是林业专业模型的实现一直进展缓慢.本文将软件复用的思想引入到林业GIS系统专业模型的构件设计与开发上,通过组件GIS技术与构件技术相结合的方法实现林业GIS系统功能的复用,...     

测量机器人ATR智能测量程序研制

依据我国三角测量、工程测量等行业测量规范的有关规定,以GeoC++为开发平台,研究开发了三角网野外数据采集的智能化测量程序,可用于控制网建立过程中的数据自动采集、超限数据的自动判别与重测,有效提高了数据采集的效率和数据处理的自动化程度。     

地铁穿越地下特殊管线的监测

随着城市化发展的加快,城市地铁建设正迎来高潮。新建地铁与城市既有地下市政设施之间的矛盾不可避免,尤其是对原有市政管网的互相扰动。对特殊管线的长时间、多手段的监测,为后续新建地铁的勘察、设计、施工提供了可靠的技术支持。